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Barbara Doll
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

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Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Increased global temperatures resulting from anthropogenically induced climate changes have increased the frequency and severity of adverse weather events, including extreme rainfall events, floods, and droughts. In recent years, nature-based solutions (NBS) have been proposed to retain storm runoff temporarily and mitigate flood damages. These practices may help rural farm and forest lands to store runoff and reduce flooding on farms and downstream communities and could be incorporated into a conservation program to provide payments for these efforts, which would supplement traditional farm incomes. Despite their potential, there have been very few methodical assessments and detailed summaries of NBS to date. We identified and summarized potential flood reduction practices for the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. These include agricultural practices of (1) cover cropping/no-till farming; (2) hardpan breakup; (3) pine or (4) hardwood afforestation, and (5) agroforestry; establishing the wetland and stream practices of (6) grass and sedge wetlands and earthen retention structures, (7) forest wetland banks, and (8) stream channel restoration; and establishing new structural solutions of (9) dry dams and berms (water farming) and (10) tile drainage and water retention. These practices offer different water holding and storage capacities and costs. A mixture of practices at the farm and landscape level can be implemented for floodwater retention and attenuation and damage reduction, as well as for providing additional farm and forest ecosystem services.

ACS Style

Meredith Hovis; Joseph Chris Hollinger; Frederick Cubbage; Theodore Shear; Barbara Doll; J. Jack Kurki-Fox; Daniel Line; Andrew Fox; Madalyn Baldwin; Travis Klondike; Michelle Lovejoy; Bryan Evans; Jaclyn West; Thomas Potter. Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9309 .

AMA Style

Meredith Hovis, Joseph Chris Hollinger, Frederick Cubbage, Theodore Shear, Barbara Doll, J. Jack Kurki-Fox, Daniel Line, Andrew Fox, Madalyn Baldwin, Travis Klondike, Michelle Lovejoy, Bryan Evans, Jaclyn West, Thomas Potter. Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meredith Hovis; Joseph Chris Hollinger; Frederick Cubbage; Theodore Shear; Barbara Doll; J. Jack Kurki-Fox; Daniel Line; Andrew Fox; Madalyn Baldwin; Travis Klondike; Michelle Lovejoy; Bryan Evans; Jaclyn West; Thomas Potter. 2021. "Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9309.

Communication
Published: 06 June 2020 in Water
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Recent extreme rainfall events produced severe flooding across North Carolina’s Coastal Plain, revealing deep vulnerabilities in many communities. Climate change is expected to exacerbate these problems by further increasing rainfall intensity and the frequency of extreme rainfall events. Due to the risks posed by these changing rainfall patterns, a shift in the approach to infrastructure planning and management is needed for many floodprone communities, particularly in regard to managing streams and floodplains in urban areas. This study proposes a framework for systematically evaluating stream restoration in combination with engineered improvements to culvert and bridge crossings to identify and optimize options for mitigating extreme events in urban areas. To illustrate the methodology, extensive hydraulic modeling was conducted to test four different strategies for reducing flooding along a channelized and armored stream, Big Ditch, located in Goldsboro, North Carolina, USA. The results indicate that neither floodplain restoration nor infrastructure modification alone could alleviate flooding along Big Ditch. Rather, a combination approach would be required to mitigate flooding, which could result in substantial benefits for storms in excess of the 100-year event. The results suggest that shifting to a multi-faceted approach to improve resiliency to extreme events could improve public safety and reduce future damages due to flooding.

ACS Style

Barbara A. Doll; J. Jack Kurki-Fox; Daniel E. Line. A Framework for Planning and Evaluating the Role of Urban Stream Restoration for Improving Transportation Resilience to Extreme Rainfall Events. Water 2020, 12, 1620 .

AMA Style

Barbara A. Doll, J. Jack Kurki-Fox, Daniel E. Line. A Framework for Planning and Evaluating the Role of Urban Stream Restoration for Improving Transportation Resilience to Extreme Rainfall Events. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1620.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara A. Doll; J. Jack Kurki-Fox; Daniel E. Line. 2020. "A Framework for Planning and Evaluating the Role of Urban Stream Restoration for Improving Transportation Resilience to Extreme Rainfall Events." Water 12, no. 6: 1620.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2020 in Water
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Stream restoration for mitigation purposes has grown rapidly since the 1980s. As the science advances, some organizations (Chesapeake Bay Program, North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality) have approved or are considering providing nutrient credits for stream restoration projects. Nutrient treatment on floodplains during overbank events is one of the least understood processes that have been considered as part of the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Stream Restoration Nutrient Crediting program. This study analyzed ten years of streamflow and water quality data from five stations in the Piedmont of North Carolina to evaluate proposed procedures for estimating nitrogen removal on the floodplain during overbank flow events. The volume of floodplain flow, the volume of floodplain flow potentially treated, and the nitrogen load retained on the floodplain were calculated for each overbank event, and a sensitivity analysis was completed. On average, 9% to 15% of the total annual streamflow volume accessed the floodplain. The percentage of the average annual volume of streamflow potentially treated ranged from 1.0% to 5.1%. Annually, this equates to 0.2% to 1.0% of the total N load retained/removed on the floodplain following restoration. The relatively low nitrogen retention/removal rates were due to a majority of floodplain flow occurring during a few large events each year that exceeded the treatment capacity of the floodplain. On an annual basis, 90% of total floodplain flow occurred during half of all overbank events and 50% of total floodplain flow occurred during two to three events each year. Findings suggest that evaluating only overbank events may lead to undervaluing stream restoration because treatment is limited by hydrologic controls that restrict floodplain retention time. Treatment is further governed by floodplain and channel size.

ACS Style

Barbara A. Doll; J. Jack Kurki-Fox; Jonathan L. Page; Natalie G. Nelson; Jeffrey P. Johnson. Flood Flow Frequency Analysis to Estimate Potential Floodplain Nitrogen Treatment during Overbank Flow Events in Urban Stream Restoration Projects. Water 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Barbara A. Doll, J. Jack Kurki-Fox, Jonathan L. Page, Natalie G. Nelson, Jeffrey P. Johnson. Flood Flow Frequency Analysis to Estimate Potential Floodplain Nitrogen Treatment during Overbank Flow Events in Urban Stream Restoration Projects. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara A. Doll; J. Jack Kurki-Fox; Jonathan L. Page; Natalie G. Nelson; Jeffrey P. Johnson. 2020. "Flood Flow Frequency Analysis to Estimate Potential Floodplain Nitrogen Treatment during Overbank Flow Events in Urban Stream Restoration Projects." Water 12, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2020 in Water
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In some states, the Stream Quantification Tool (SQT) has been adopted to quantify functional change of stream mitigation efforts. However, the ability of the SQT protocol to predict biological function and uphold the premise of the Stream Functions Pyramid (Pyramid) remains untested. Macroinvertebrate community metrics in 34 headwater streams in Piedmont, North Carolina (NC, USA) were related to NC SQT protocol (version 3.0) factors and other variables relevant to ecological function. Three statistical models, including stepwise, lasso, and ridge regression were used to predict the NC Biotic Index (NCBI) and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness using two datasets: 21 SQT variables and the SQT variables plus 13 additional watershed, hydraulic, geomorphic, and physicochemical variables. Cross-validation revealed that stepwise and ridge outperformed lasso, and that the SQT variables can reasonably predict biology metrics (R2 0.53–0.64). Additional variables improved prediction (R2 0.70–0.88), suggesting that the SQT protocol is lacking metrics important to macroinvertebrates. Results moderately support the Pyramid: highly predictive ridge models included metrics from all levels, while highly predictive stepwise models included metrics from higher levels, and not watershed hydrology. Reach-scale metrics were more important than watershed hydrology, providing encouragement for projects limited by watershed condition.

ACS Style

Sara Donatich; Barbara Doll; Jonathan Page; Natalie Nelson. Can the Stream Quantification Tool (SQT) Protocol Predict the Biotic Condition of Streams in the Southeast Piedmont (USA)? Water 2020, 12, 1485 .

AMA Style

Sara Donatich, Barbara Doll, Jonathan Page, Natalie Nelson. Can the Stream Quantification Tool (SQT) Protocol Predict the Biotic Condition of Streams in the Southeast Piedmont (USA)? Water. 2020; 12 (5):1485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Donatich; Barbara Doll; Jonathan Page; Natalie Nelson. 2020. "Can the Stream Quantification Tool (SQT) Protocol Predict the Biotic Condition of Streams in the Southeast Piedmont (USA)?" Water 12, no. 5: 1485.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2016 in Water
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Restored stream reaches at 79 sites across North Carolina were sampled for aquatic macroinvertebrates using a rapid bioassessment protocol. Morphological design parameters and geographic factors, including watershed and landscape parameters (e.g., valley slope, substrate), were also compiled for these streams. Principal component regression analyses revealed correlations between design and landscape variables with macroinvertebrate metrics. The correlations were strengthened by adding watershed variables. Ridge regression was used to find the best-fit model for predicting dominant taxa from the “pollution sensitive” orders of Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies), or EPT taxa, resulting in coefficient weights that were most interpretable relative to site selection and design parameters. Results indicate that larger (wider) streams located in the mountains and foothills where there are steeper valleys, larger substrate, and undeveloped watersheds are expected to have higher numbers of dominant EPT taxa. In addition, EPT taxa numbers are positively correlated with accessible floodplain width and negatively correlated with width-to-depth ratio and sinuosity. This study indicates that both site selection and design should be carefully considered in order to maximize the resulting biotic condition and associated potential ecological uplift of the stream.

ACS Style

Barbara Doll; Gregory Jennings; Jean Spooner; David Penrose; Joseph Usset; James Blackwell; Mark Fernandez. Identifying Watershed, Landscape, and Engineering Design Factors that Influence the Biotic Condition of Restored Streams. Water 2016, 8, 151 .

AMA Style

Barbara Doll, Gregory Jennings, Jean Spooner, David Penrose, Joseph Usset, James Blackwell, Mark Fernandez. Identifying Watershed, Landscape, and Engineering Design Factors that Influence the Biotic Condition of Restored Streams. Water. 2016; 8 (4):151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Doll; Gregory Jennings; Jean Spooner; David Penrose; Joseph Usset; James Blackwell; Mark Fernandez. 2016. "Identifying Watershed, Landscape, and Engineering Design Factors that Influence the Biotic Condition of Restored Streams." Water 8, no. 4: 151.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2016 in Water
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Five rapid visual stream assessment methods were applied to 65 restored streams in North Carolina, and the results were correlated with measured macroinvertebrate community metrics to evaluate predictive ability. The USEPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP), USDA Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP), Peterson’s Riparian Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE), NCSU Eco-Geomorphological Assessment (EGA), and NCSU Stream Performance Assessment (SPA) were applied by teams with expertise in hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and aquatic ecology. Predictions of most macroinvertebrate metrics were improved by re-weighting assessment variables using principal component analysis (PCA) and including watershed factors (e.g., size, slope, land use). The correlations of EGA, RCE, SPA and SVAP assessment results to macroinvertebrate metrics were most improved by variable re-weighting using PCA, while the correlations of RBP were most improved by adding watershed parameters. Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) indicates that PCA re-weighting including watershed parameters improves the predictor model for the total number of dominant EPT taxa more than using the sum total raw points for all five assessment methods. To demonstrate the application of the study results, a single-value index was generated for the RBP method using principal component regression (PCR) based on the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) taxa metric.

ACS Style

Barbara Doll; Gregory Jennings; Jean Spooner; David Penrose; Joseph Usset; James Blackwell; Mark Fernandez. Can Rapid Assessments Predict the Biotic Condition of Restored Streams? Water 2016, 8, 143 .

AMA Style

Barbara Doll, Gregory Jennings, Jean Spooner, David Penrose, Joseph Usset, James Blackwell, Mark Fernandez. Can Rapid Assessments Predict the Biotic Condition of Restored Streams? Water. 2016; 8 (4):143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Doll; Gregory Jennings; Jean Spooner; David Penrose; Joseph Usset; James Blackwell; Mark Fernandez. 2016. "Can Rapid Assessments Predict the Biotic Condition of Restored Streams?" Water 8, no. 4: 143.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2014 in JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association
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The Stream Performance Assessment (SPA), a new rapid assessment method, was applied to 93 restored, 21 impaired, 29 reference, and 13 reference streams with some incision throughout North Carolina. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated restored streams align more closely with reference streams rather than impaired streams. Further, PCA‐based factor analysis revealed restored streams were similar to reference streams in terms of morphologic condition, but exhibited a greater range of scores relative to aquatic habitat and bedform. Macroinvertebrate sampling and GIS watershed analyses were conducted on 84 restored streams. SPA and watershed data were compared to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa to determine which factors indicate stream health. SPA and watershed factors were used in least squares, ridge, and principal component regression (PCR) to develop a prediction model for EPT taxa. All three methods produced reasonable predictions for EPT taxa. Cross‐validation indicated ridge regression resulted in the lowest prediction error. The ridge model was then used to predict EPT taxa numbers for 21 impaired and 25 reference streams in addition to the 84 restored streams. Statistical comparisons of the predicted scores indicated urban streams (>10% impervious watershed cover) have lower expected numbers of EPT taxa. Rural restored streams have macroinvertebrate metric scores similar to those predicted for rural reference streams.

ACS Style

Barbara A. Doll; Gregory D. Jennings; Jean Spooner; David L. Penrose; Joseph L. Usset. Evaluating the Eco-Geomorphological Condition of Restored Streams Using Visual Assessment and Macroinvertebrate Metrics. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2014, 51, 68 -83.

AMA Style

Barbara A. Doll, Gregory D. Jennings, Jean Spooner, David L. Penrose, Joseph L. Usset. Evaluating the Eco-Geomorphological Condition of Restored Streams Using Visual Assessment and Macroinvertebrate Metrics. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2014; 51 (1):68-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara A. Doll; Gregory D. Jennings; Jean Spooner; David L. Penrose; Joseph L. Usset. 2014. "Evaluating the Eco-Geomorphological Condition of Restored Streams Using Visual Assessment and Macroinvertebrate Metrics." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 51, no. 1: 68-83.

Conference paper
Published: 22 March 2004 in Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams
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Natural stream functions in many areas of North Carolina are threatened by changes in watershed hydrology and land use, often resulting in unstable streams with poor habitat and water quality. Over the past decade, natural resource agencies have adopted a natural channel design approach for restoring and enhancing unstable streams. This approach is based on the use of reference stream morphology and biology information. Numerous stream restoration projects have been implemented by agencies, consultants, Universities, and citizen groups, providing opportunities for evaluation of natural channel design techniques under various conditions. Project evaluation indicates that natural channel design techniques can be effective in improving channel stability and water quality, but several years may be required to observe significant improvements in biological condition. It is important to note that restored stream channels are highly vulnerable during the first few years following construction while vegetation is being established. Most projects require some maintenance and repair during the first few years as channels adjust to new streamflow conditions.

ACS Style

Gregory D. Jennings; Barbara A. Doll. Urban Stream Restoration Case Studies in North Carolina. Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams 2004, 1 .

AMA Style

Gregory D. Jennings, Barbara A. Doll. Urban Stream Restoration Case Studies in North Carolina. Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams. 2004; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory D. Jennings; Barbara A. Doll. 2004. "Urban Stream Restoration Case Studies in North Carolina." Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams , no. : 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 05 September 2002 in Global Solutions for Urban Drainage
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Natural stream functions in many areas of North Carolina are threatened by changes in watershed hydrology and land use, often resulting in unstable streams with poor habitat and water quality. Impacts include eroding streambanks, unsafe water supplies, impaired habitat, fish kills, flooding, loss of floodplain function, and reservoir siltation. Causes of stream impairment in urbanizing watersheds include increased stormwater runoff, reduced groundwater recharge, road crossings, and loss of riparian vegetation. Over the past decade, natural resource agencies in North Carolina have adopted a natural channel design approach for restoring and enhancing unstable streams. This approach is based on the use of reference stream morphology and biology information. Permitting agencies evaluating the hydrologic, water quality, and wildlife impacts of stream restoration and mitigation projects require that designers use natural channel design approaches. These requirements have facilitated interest among many government and private organizations in learning what restoration techniques are most appropriate for local watershed conditions. Numerous stream restoration projects have been implemented recently by agencies, consultants, Universities, and citizen groups. The purpose of this paper is to describe several urban stream restoration project case studies and lessons learned in North Carolina.

ACS Style

Gregory D. Jennings; Barbara A. Doll. Urban Stream Restoration Using Natural Channel Design Techniques in North Carolina. Global Solutions for Urban Drainage 2002, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Gregory D. Jennings, Barbara A. Doll. Urban Stream Restoration Using Natural Channel Design Techniques in North Carolina. Global Solutions for Urban Drainage. 2002; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory D. Jennings; Barbara A. Doll. 2002. "Urban Stream Restoration Using Natural Channel Design Techniques in North Carolina." Global Solutions for Urban Drainage , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2002 in JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association
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ACS Style

Barbara Doll; Carolyn M. Buckner; Shawn D. Wilkerson; William A. Harman; Rachel E. Smith; Jean Spooner; Dani E. Wise-Frederick. HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY RELATIONSHIPS FOR URBAN STREAMS THROUGHOUT THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2002, 38, 641 -651.

AMA Style

Barbara Doll, Carolyn M. Buckner, Shawn D. Wilkerson, William A. Harman, Rachel E. Smith, Jean Spooner, Dani E. Wise-Frederick. HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY RELATIONSHIPS FOR URBAN STREAMS THROUGHOUT THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2002; 38 (3):641-651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Doll; Carolyn M. Buckner; Shawn D. Wilkerson; William A. Harman; Rachel E. Smith; Jean Spooner; Dani E. Wise-Frederick. 2002. "HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY RELATIONSHIPS FOR URBAN STREAMS THROUGHOUT THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38, no. 3: 641-651.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2002 in 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002
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ACS Style

Gregory D. Jennings; Barbara A. Doll. Natural Channel Design Applications for Restoring Incised Streams in North Carolina. 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002 2002, 1 .

AMA Style

Gregory D. Jennings, Barbara A. Doll. Natural Channel Design Applications for Restoring Incised Streams in North Carolina. 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. 2002; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory D. Jennings; Barbara A. Doll. 2002. "Natural Channel Design Applications for Restoring Incised Streams in North Carolina." 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002 , no. : 1.