Graph theory is a well-established mathematical concept that is widely used in numerous applications such as in biology, chemistry and network analysis. The advancement in the theory of graph has led to the development of a concept called autocatalytic set. In this paper, a mathematical modeling technique namely graph-based dynamic modeling of palm oil refining process is introduced. The system parameters are identified in detail in the beginning of the paper. The parameters involved are the chemical compounds used or produced during the refining process. These identified parameters are then modeled as the vertices and edges of the graph. The dynamicity of the system is then simulated and analyzed. The system is simulated using MATLAB software programing. The two final products produced by the refining process agreed with results obtained from other published methods. Hence, the effectiveness and simplicity of the model are established.

Navigational safety necessitates careful route monitoring, which includes staying on the planned course. For a ship to achieve effective route monitoring while changing course, a wheel over point (WOP) must be precisely calculated and marked on a charted course. The reason is to warn the watchkeeping officer that the ship must make a course alteration to prevent overshooting the intended route. One of the techniques for appraising the WOP is the advance transfer technique (ATT). During a practical review by means of an electronic and paper chart work exercise of the ATT, this study discovered two research gaps related to the technique. Following that, this study created an improved advance transfer mathematical model (ATMM) by restructuring the use of the ship’s turning circle to overcome the limitations discovered. To validate the improvement of the ATMM over the ATT, data were collected by evaluating both methods using a ship simulator and performing a manoeuvring analysis. The data, specifically the reduction in the cross-track distance (XTD), was validated in three verification stages: compliance with XTL, percentage change, and Mann‒Whitney U test using IBM SPSS. In comparison to the ATT, the ATMM produces better results in terms of the course-keeping capability and it can be implemented as an algorithm in an integrated bridge navigation system for autonomous ship navigation safety.

The steam turbine and a boiler are important components of a power generation plant. Improved effciency of a power plant leads to increase of energy production and less waste. In this paper, a model of the power plant as a multivariable system using fuzzy arithmetic which is based on the Transformation Method (TM) is presented. The analytical solution is used to evaluate the state space model. The TM is then used to quantify the in uence of each parameter and their gain factors are calculated to allow estimation of relative measures of uncertainty. The method is applied to a boiler and a steam turbine systems for simulation, analysis and indication of TM's efficiency. The efficiency of TM is presented in this paper.

This study examines the impact of digital transformation readiness on strategic decision effectiveness in higher education institutions (HEIs), with a focus on the mediating role of technological infrastructure capability. As the educational sector faces increasing pressure to innovate and adapt to evolving technological landscapes, understanding how digital readiness and infrastructure influence strategic decision-making has become essential. Employing a quantitative approach, this research explores the direct and indirect relationships among the variables. A structured survey was administered to 210 academic and administrative staff across selected public universities. Data analysis using PLS-SEM reveals a significant and positive relationship between the constructs. The findings emphasize that higher digital preparedness and robust infrastructure enhance the quality and effectiveness of strategic decisions. Implications for institutional policy and leadership are discussed.

The objective of this research is to demonstrate a mathematical technique to analyze the Covid-19 outbreak, particularly with respect to Malaysia. The technique is able to accommodate scarcity, quantity, and availability of the data set. The obtained results can offer descriptive insight for reflecting and strategizing actions in combating the pandemic.