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Dairy cattle farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation. To complement global efforts to mitigate climate change, there is a need for accurate estimations of GHG emissions using country-specific emission factors (EFs). The objective of this study was to develop national EFs for the estimation of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in South Korean dairy cattle. Information on dairy cattle herd characteristics, diet, and management practices specific to South Korean dairy cattle farming was obtained. Enteric CH4 EFs were estimated according to the 2019 refinement of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using the Tier 2 approach. Three animal subcategories were considered according to age: milking cows >2 years, 650 kg body weight (BW); heifers 1–2 years, 473 kg BW; and growing animals <1 year, 167 kg BW. The estimated enteric CH4 EFs for milking cows, heifers, and growing animals, were 139, 83 and 33 kg/head/year, respectively. Currently, the Republic of Korea adopts the Tier 1 default enteric CH4 EFs from the North America region for GHG inventory reporting. Compared with the generic Tier 1 default EF of 138 (kg CH4/head/year) proposed by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for high-milking cows, our suggested value for milking cows was very similar (139 kg CH4 /head/year) and different to heifers and growing animals EFs. In addition, enteric CH4 EFs were strongly correlated with the feed digestibility, level of milk production, and CH4 conversion rate. The adoption of the newly developed EFs for dairy cattle in the next national GHG inventory would lead to a potential total GHG reduction from the South Korean dairy sector of 97,000 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent per year (8%). The outcome of this study underscores the importance of obtaining country-specific EFs to estimate national enteric CH4 emissions, which can further support the assessment of mitigation actions.
Ridha Ibidhi; Tae-Hoon Kim; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Hyun-June Lee; Yoo-Kyung Lee; Na-Yeon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9133 .
AMA StyleRidha Ibidhi, Tae-Hoon Kim, Rajaraman Bharanidharan, Hyun-June Lee, Yoo-Kyung Lee, Na-Yeon Kim, Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRidha Ibidhi; Tae-Hoon Kim; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Hyun-June Lee; Yoo-Kyung Lee; Na-Yeon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. 2021. "Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9133.
Plant secondary metabolite (PSM) degradations and feed breakdown into small particles may occur primarily in the rumen. It is possible to predict the rate and extent of feed disappearance in the rumen during incubation by different in vitro techniques, which differ based on the PSM structures, including phenolics, and flavonoids. However, PSM degradation and conversion efficiency in the rumen remains unclear. This study’s objective was to evaluate the in vitro degradation of a group of PSMs in the rumen fluid, collected from Hanwoo steer samples. PSMs including rutin, vitexin, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, luteolin, propyl gallate, and kaempferol were used in their pure forms at 1mg/250 mL in a rumen fluid buffer system. The mixture of selected PSMs and buffer was incubated at 39 °C for 12–72 h, and samples were collected every 12 h and analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) to determine the biotransformation of the polyphenolics. The results revealed that the luteolin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, rutin, myricetin, vitexin, kaempferol, and quercetin were decreased after 12 h of incubation in the rumen fluid (p ≤ 0.05) and were more than 70% decreased at 72 h. In contrast, the propyl gallate concentrations were not significantly changed after 24 h of incubation in rumen fluid compared to other metabolites. Finally, microbial dynamics study showed that the Firmicutes, Bacterodetes, Actinobacteria, and Syngergistetes were the dominant phyla found in rumen fluids. The data suggest that most polyphenolic compounds may degrade or reform new complex structures in the rumen.
Dahye Kim; Palaniselvam Kuppusamy; Jeong Jung; Kyoung Kim; Ki Choi. Microbial Dynamics and In Vitro Degradation of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Hanwoo Steer Rumen Fluids. Animals 2021, 11, 2350 .
AMA StyleDahye Kim, Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Jeong Jung, Kyoung Kim, Ki Choi. Microbial Dynamics and In Vitro Degradation of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Hanwoo Steer Rumen Fluids. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDahye Kim; Palaniselvam Kuppusamy; Jeong Jung; Kyoung Kim; Ki Choi. 2021. "Microbial Dynamics and In Vitro Degradation of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Hanwoo Steer Rumen Fluids." Animals 11, no. 8: 2350.
We evaluated whether olive leaves (OLs) are effective as feed additives and supplements for ruminants and the potential methane reduction effects during in vitro fermentation. Two Hanwoo cows (460 ± 20 kg) equipped with cannula were fed Timothy hay and corn-based feed 3% of the body weight at a ratio of 6:4 (8:30 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.). Ruminal fluid from the cows was collected and mixed before morning feeding. In vitro batch fermentation was monitored after 12 and 24 h of incubation at 39 °C, and OLs were used as supplements to achieve the concentration of 5% in the basal diet. At 12 h of fermentation, methane production decreased in the 5% OLs group compared to that in the control group, but not at 24 h. The proportion of cellulose-degrading bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, tended to increase in the 5% OLs group at 12 h. The amount of ammonia produced was the same as the polymerase chain reaction result for Prevotella ruminicola. At 12 h, the proportion of Prevotella ruminicola was significantly higher in the 5% OLs group. OLs may be used incorporated with protein byproducts or other methane-reducing agents in animal feed.
Shin Lee; Hyun Kim; Jun Eom; You Choi; Seong Jo; Gyo Chu; Yookyung Lee; Jakyeom Seo; Kyoung Kim; Sung Lee. Effects of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emission. Animals 2021, 11, 2008 .
AMA StyleShin Lee, Hyun Kim, Jun Eom, You Choi, Seong Jo, Gyo Chu, Yookyung Lee, Jakyeom Seo, Kyoung Kim, Sung Lee. Effects of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emission. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin Lee; Hyun Kim; Jun Eom; You Choi; Seong Jo; Gyo Chu; Yookyung Lee; Jakyeom Seo; Kyoung Kim; Sung Lee. 2021. "Effects of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emission." Animals 11, no. 7: 2008.
This study was performed to update and generate prediction equations for converting digestible energy (DE) to metabolizable energy (ME) for Korean Hanwoo beef cattle, taking into consideration the gender (male and female) and body weights (BW above and below 350 kg) of the animals. The data consisted of 141 measurements from respiratory chambers with a wide range of diets and energy intake levels. A simple linear regression of the overall unadjusted data suggested a strong relationship between the DE and ME (Mcal/kg DM): ME = 0.8722 × DE + 0.0016 (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.946, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.107, p< 0.001 for intercept and slope). Mixed-model regression analyses to adjust for the effects of the experiment from which the data were obtained similarly showed a strong linear relationship between the DE and ME (Mcal/kg of DM): ME = 0.9215 × DE − 0.1434 (R2 = 0.999, RMSE = 0.004, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope). The DE was strongly related to the ME for both genders: ME = 0.8621 × DE + 0.0808 (R2 = 0.9600, RMSE = 0.083, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope) and ME = 0.7785 × DE + 0.1546 (R2 = 0.971, RMSE = 0.070, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope) for male and female Hanwoo cattle, respectively. By BW, the simple linear regression similarly showed a strong relationship between the DE and ME for Hanwoo above and below 350 kg BW: ME = 0.9833 × DE − 0.2760 (R2 = 0.991, RMSE = 0.055, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope) and ME = 0.72975 × DE + 0.38744 (R2 = 0.913, RMSE = 0.100, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope), respectively. A multiple regression using the DE and dietary factors as independent variables did not improve the accuracy of the ME prediction (ME = 1.149 × DE − 0.045 × crude protein + 0.011 × neutral detergent fibre − 0.027 × acid detergent fibre + 0.683).
Ridha Ibidhi; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Jong-Geun Kim; Woo-Hyeong Hong; In-Sik Nam; Youl-Chang Baek; Tae-Hoon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle. Animals 2021, 11, 1696 .
AMA StyleRidha Ibidhi, Rajaraman Bharanidharan, Jong-Geun Kim, Woo-Hyeong Hong, In-Sik Nam, Youl-Chang Baek, Tae-Hoon Kim, Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1696.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRidha Ibidhi; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Jong-Geun Kim; Woo-Hyeong Hong; In-Sik Nam; Youl-Chang Baek; Tae-Hoon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. 2021. "Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle." Animals 11, no. 6: 1696.
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics can result in antibiotic residues in animal products; thus, plant compounds may be better alternative sources for mitigating methane (CH4) production. An in vitro screening experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential application of 152 dry methanolic or ethanolic extracts from 137 plant species distributed in East Asian countries as anti-methanogenic additives in ruminant feed. The experimental material consisted of 200 mg total mixed ration, 20 mg plant extract, and 30 mL diluted ruminal fluid-buffer mixture in 60 mL serum bottles that were sealed with rubber stoppers and incubated at 39 °C for 24 h. Among the tested extracts, eight extracts decreased CH4 production by >20%, compared to the corresponding controls: stems of Vitex negundo var. incisa, stems of Amelanchier asiatica, fruit of Reynoutria sachalinensis, seeds of Tribulus terrestris, seeds of Pharbitis nil, leaves of Alnus japonica, stem and bark of Carpinus tschonoskii, and stems of Acer truncatum. A confirmation assay of the eight plant extracts at a dosage of 10 mg with four replications repeated on 3 different days revealed that the extracts decreased CH4 concentration in the total gas (7–15%) and total CH4 production (17–37%), compared to the control. This is the first report to identify the anti-methanogenic activities of eight potential plant extracts. All extracts decreased ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations. Negative effects on total gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were also noted for all extracts that were rich in hydrolysable tannins and total saponins or fatty acids. The underlying modes of action differed among plants: extracts from P. nil, V. negundo var. incisa, A. asiatica, and R. sachalinensis resulted in a decrease in total methanogen or the protozoan population (p < 0.05) but extracts from other plants did not. Furthermore, extracts from P. nil decreased the population of total protozoa and increased the proportion of propionate among VFAs (p < 0.05). Identifying bioactive compounds in seeds of P. nil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed enrichment of linoleic acid (18:2). Overall, seeds of P. nil could be a possible alternative to ionophores or oil seeds to mitigate ruminal CH4 production.
Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Myunggi Baik; Ridha Ibidhi; Shin Lee; Yookyung Lee; In Nam; Kyoung Kim. In Vitro Screening of East Asian Plant Extracts for Potential Use in Reducing Ruminal Methane Production. Animals 2021, 11, 1020 .
AMA StyleRajaraman Bharanidharan, Selvaraj Arokiyaraj, Myunggi Baik, Ridha Ibidhi, Shin Lee, Yookyung Lee, In Nam, Kyoung Kim. In Vitro Screening of East Asian Plant Extracts for Potential Use in Reducing Ruminal Methane Production. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1020.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajaraman Bharanidharan; Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Myunggi Baik; Ridha Ibidhi; Shin Lee; Yookyung Lee; In Nam; Kyoung Kim. 2021. "In Vitro Screening of East Asian Plant Extracts for Potential Use in Reducing Ruminal Methane Production." Animals 11, no. 4: 1020.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-methanogenic effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) on in vitro, in vivo, and bacterial community composition using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology sequencing. Rhubarb root powder was tested at different concentrations (0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.33 g/L) in vitro, and all incubations were carried out in triplicate two runs on separate days. Concentrations of 0.67 and 1.33 g/L rhubarb significantly (P < 0.05) reduced methane production and the acetate : propionate ratio compared with those of the Control, without adverse effects on total volatile fatty acids and total gas production. In the second in vivo trial, four Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (live bodyweight, 556 ± 46 kg) with a ruminal cannula were housed individually in metabolic stalls and fed a basal diet twice daily in equal amounts at 0900 hours and 2100 hours. The before rhubarb treatment (before treatment) duration was 24 days for all steers; 14 days were used for diet adaptation and 10 days were used for gas samples collected 1, 2, and 3 h after the morning feeding on Days 3, 5, 7, and 9. We used three syringe needles passed through the ruminal cannula stopper at different time points as a simple and rapid method to sample rumen gas. Thereafter, three mesh bags containing 30 g of sliced rhubarb root each were placed at different depths in the rumen of each steer for 14 days (after treatment), and gas samples were collected on Days 4, 7, 10, 12, and 13. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in methane concentration from the rhubarb-treated steers and provide the evidence that this method would be useful for in vivo screening of anti-methanogenic feed additives or plant material. Furthermore, 16s RNA sequencing after treatment showed increases in the numbers of Prevotella, and Lactobacillus, but decreases in Methanobrevibacter. In conclusion, rhubarb had an anti-methanogenic effect in vitro and in vivo, and the increase in the number of Prevotella shifted ruminal fermentation towards propionate production.
Kyoung Hoon Kim; Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Jinwook Lee; Young Kyoon Oh; Ho Young Chung; Gwi-Deuk Jin; Eun Bae Kim; Yoonseok Lee; Myunggi Baik. Effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) root on in vitro and in vivo ruminal methane production and a bacterial community analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence. Animal Production Science 2016, 56, 402 -408.
AMA StyleKyoung Hoon Kim, Selvaraj Arokiyaraj, Jinwook Lee, Young Kyoon Oh, Ho Young Chung, Gwi-Deuk Jin, Eun Bae Kim, Yoonseok Lee, Myunggi Baik. Effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) root on in vitro and in vivo ruminal methane production and a bacterial community analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence. Animal Production Science. 2016; 56 (3):402-408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyoung Hoon Kim; Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Jinwook Lee; Young Kyoon Oh; Ho Young Chung; Gwi-Deuk Jin; Eun Bae Kim; Yoonseok Lee; Myunggi Baik. 2016. "Effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) root on in vitro and in vivo ruminal methane production and a bacterial community analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3: 402-408.
In the present study, chemical composition and the antibacterial mechanism of ambrette seed oil are investigated. Chemical composition of the oil was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-five compounds were identified and the major compounds were found to be farnesol acetate (51.45%) and ambrettolide (12.96%). The antibacterial activity was performed by well diffusion assay and the mechanisms were studied by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein leakage assays. The antibacterial effect of the ambrette seed oil showed inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The LDH activity was high in all tested bacteria compared with control, whereas the ALP and protein concentrations were also increased in E. faecalis. Molecular docking revealed the ligands farnesol acetate and ambrettolide had satisfactory binding energy towards the beta lactamase TEM-72 and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein. Due to its better antibacterial properties, the ambrette seed oil could be used as a source of antibacterial agents.
Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Seong Ho Choi; Yoonseok Lee; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Villianur Ibrahim Hairul-Islam; Badathala Vijayakumar; Young Kyoon Oh; Vannam Dinesh-Kumar; Savariar Vincent; Kyoung Hoon Kim. Characterization of Ambrette Seed Oil and Its Mode of Action in Bacteria. Molecules 2014, 20, 384 -395.
AMA StyleSelvaraj Arokiyaraj, Seong Ho Choi, Yoonseok Lee, Rajaraman Bharanidharan, Villianur Ibrahim Hairul-Islam, Badathala Vijayakumar, Young Kyoon Oh, Vannam Dinesh-Kumar, Savariar Vincent, Kyoung Hoon Kim. Characterization of Ambrette Seed Oil and Its Mode of Action in Bacteria. Molecules. 2014; 20 (1):384-395.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSelvaraj Arokiyaraj; Seong Ho Choi; Yoonseok Lee; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Villianur Ibrahim Hairul-Islam; Badathala Vijayakumar; Young Kyoon Oh; Vannam Dinesh-Kumar; Savariar Vincent; Kyoung Hoon Kim. 2014. "Characterization of Ambrette Seed Oil and Its Mode of Action in Bacteria." Molecules 20, no. 1: 384-395.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the concentration and digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in meat meal (MM), and to compare these values with the respective values in soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows (initial body weight = 66.9±3.8 kg) surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 3×3 balanced Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two experimental diets containing test ingredients as the sole source of AA were prepared to estimate the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) for CP and AA by the direct method. An N-free diet was also prepared to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All experimental diets contained 5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d of ileal digesta collection period. Ileal digesta samples were collected from 0900 to 1700 on d 6 and 7 of each period. The concentrations of CP, Lys, Met, and Trp in MM and SBM were analyzed to be 64.1, 3.5, 1.1 and 0.6, and 45.6, 2.8, 0.8, and 0.3%, respectively. The AID of all AA except Gly in MM was less (p<0.05) than in SBM. The AID of Lys, Met, and Trp in MM was estimated to be 56.0, 71.7, and 47.1%, respectively. The SID of all AA in MM was less (p<0.05) than in SBM. The SID of Lys, Met, and Trp was 65.1, 79.2, and 78.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the CP and AA contents in MM were greater than those in SBM whereas the ileal digestibility of all AA in MM was less than in SBM
Changsu Kong; H. G. Kang; B. G. Kim; K. H. Kim. Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Meat Meal and Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2014, 27, 990 -995.
AMA StyleChangsu Kong, H. G. Kang, B. G. Kim, K. H. Kim. Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Meat Meal and Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2014; 27 (7):990-995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChangsu Kong; H. G. Kang; B. G. Kim; K. H. Kim. 2014. "Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Meat Meal and Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27, no. 7: 990-995.