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Rajaraman Bharanidharan is a graduate student working on mitigating ruminal methane emissions. He is also working on rumen microbial network and their association with methane production and feed efficiency.
Dairy cattle farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation. To complement global efforts to mitigate climate change, there is a need for accurate estimations of GHG emissions using country-specific emission factors (EFs). The objective of this study was to develop national EFs for the estimation of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in South Korean dairy cattle. Information on dairy cattle herd characteristics, diet, and management practices specific to South Korean dairy cattle farming was obtained. Enteric CH4 EFs were estimated according to the 2019 refinement of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using the Tier 2 approach. Three animal subcategories were considered according to age: milking cows >2 years, 650 kg body weight (BW); heifers 1–2 years, 473 kg BW; and growing animals <1 year, 167 kg BW. The estimated enteric CH4 EFs for milking cows, heifers, and growing animals, were 139, 83 and 33 kg/head/year, respectively. Currently, the Republic of Korea adopts the Tier 1 default enteric CH4 EFs from the North America region for GHG inventory reporting. Compared with the generic Tier 1 default EF of 138 (kg CH4/head/year) proposed by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for high-milking cows, our suggested value for milking cows was very similar (139 kg CH4 /head/year) and different to heifers and growing animals EFs. In addition, enteric CH4 EFs were strongly correlated with the feed digestibility, level of milk production, and CH4 conversion rate. The adoption of the newly developed EFs for dairy cattle in the next national GHG inventory would lead to a potential total GHG reduction from the South Korean dairy sector of 97,000 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent per year (8%). The outcome of this study underscores the importance of obtaining country-specific EFs to estimate national enteric CH4 emissions, which can further support the assessment of mitigation actions.
Ridha Ibidhi; Tae-Hoon Kim; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Hyun-June Lee; Yoo-Kyung Lee; Na-Yeon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9133 .
AMA StyleRidha Ibidhi, Tae-Hoon Kim, Rajaraman Bharanidharan, Hyun-June Lee, Yoo-Kyung Lee, Na-Yeon Kim, Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRidha Ibidhi; Tae-Hoon Kim; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Hyun-June Lee; Yoo-Kyung Lee; Na-Yeon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. 2021. "Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9133.
This study was performed to update and generate prediction equations for converting digestible energy (DE) to metabolizable energy (ME) for Korean Hanwoo beef cattle, taking into consideration the gender (male and female) and body weights (BW above and below 350 kg) of the animals. The data consisted of 141 measurements from respiratory chambers with a wide range of diets and energy intake levels. A simple linear regression of the overall unadjusted data suggested a strong relationship between the DE and ME (Mcal/kg DM): ME = 0.8722 × DE + 0.0016 (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.946, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.107, p< 0.001 for intercept and slope). Mixed-model regression analyses to adjust for the effects of the experiment from which the data were obtained similarly showed a strong linear relationship between the DE and ME (Mcal/kg of DM): ME = 0.9215 × DE − 0.1434 (R2 = 0.999, RMSE = 0.004, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope). The DE was strongly related to the ME for both genders: ME = 0.8621 × DE + 0.0808 (R2 = 0.9600, RMSE = 0.083, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope) and ME = 0.7785 × DE + 0.1546 (R2 = 0.971, RMSE = 0.070, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope) for male and female Hanwoo cattle, respectively. By BW, the simple linear regression similarly showed a strong relationship between the DE and ME for Hanwoo above and below 350 kg BW: ME = 0.9833 × DE − 0.2760 (R2 = 0.991, RMSE = 0.055, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope) and ME = 0.72975 × DE + 0.38744 (R2 = 0.913, RMSE = 0.100, p< 0.001 for the intercept and slope), respectively. A multiple regression using the DE and dietary factors as independent variables did not improve the accuracy of the ME prediction (ME = 1.149 × DE − 0.045 × crude protein + 0.011 × neutral detergent fibre − 0.027 × acid detergent fibre + 0.683).
Ridha Ibidhi; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Jong-Geun Kim; Woo-Hyeong Hong; In-Sik Nam; Youl-Chang Baek; Tae-Hoon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle. Animals 2021, 11, 1696 .
AMA StyleRidha Ibidhi, Rajaraman Bharanidharan, Jong-Geun Kim, Woo-Hyeong Hong, In-Sik Nam, Youl-Chang Baek, Tae-Hoon Kim, Kyoung-Hoon Kim. Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1696.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRidha Ibidhi; Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Jong-Geun Kim; Woo-Hyeong Hong; In-Sik Nam; Youl-Chang Baek; Tae-Hoon Kim; Kyoung-Hoon Kim. 2021. "Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle." Animals 11, no. 6: 1696.
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics can result in antibiotic residues in animal products; thus, plant compounds may be better alternative sources for mitigating methane (CH4) production. An in vitro screening experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential application of 152 dry methanolic or ethanolic extracts from 137 plant species distributed in East Asian countries as anti-methanogenic additives in ruminant feed. The experimental material consisted of 200 mg total mixed ration, 20 mg plant extract, and 30 mL diluted ruminal fluid-buffer mixture in 60 mL serum bottles that were sealed with rubber stoppers and incubated at 39 °C for 24 h. Among the tested extracts, eight extracts decreased CH4 production by >20%, compared to the corresponding controls: stems of Vitex negundo var. incisa, stems of Amelanchier asiatica, fruit of Reynoutria sachalinensis, seeds of Tribulus terrestris, seeds of Pharbitis nil, leaves of Alnus japonica, stem and bark of Carpinus tschonoskii, and stems of Acer truncatum. A confirmation assay of the eight plant extracts at a dosage of 10 mg with four replications repeated on 3 different days revealed that the extracts decreased CH4 concentration in the total gas (7–15%) and total CH4 production (17–37%), compared to the control. This is the first report to identify the anti-methanogenic activities of eight potential plant extracts. All extracts decreased ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations. Negative effects on total gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were also noted for all extracts that were rich in hydrolysable tannins and total saponins or fatty acids. The underlying modes of action differed among plants: extracts from P. nil, V. negundo var. incisa, A. asiatica, and R. sachalinensis resulted in a decrease in total methanogen or the protozoan population (p < 0.05) but extracts from other plants did not. Furthermore, extracts from P. nil decreased the population of total protozoa and increased the proportion of propionate among VFAs (p < 0.05). Identifying bioactive compounds in seeds of P. nil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed enrichment of linoleic acid (18:2). Overall, seeds of P. nil could be a possible alternative to ionophores or oil seeds to mitigate ruminal CH4 production.
Rajaraman Bharanidharan; Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Myunggi Baik; Ridha Ibidhi; Shin Lee; Yookyung Lee; In Nam; Kyoung Kim. In Vitro Screening of East Asian Plant Extracts for Potential Use in Reducing Ruminal Methane Production. Animals 2021, 11, 1020 .
AMA StyleRajaraman Bharanidharan, Selvaraj Arokiyaraj, Myunggi Baik, Ridha Ibidhi, Shin Lee, Yookyung Lee, In Nam, Kyoung Kim. In Vitro Screening of East Asian Plant Extracts for Potential Use in Reducing Ruminal Methane Production. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1020.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajaraman Bharanidharan; Selvaraj Arokiyaraj; Myunggi Baik; Ridha Ibidhi; Shin Lee; Yookyung Lee; In Nam; Kyoung Kim. 2021. "In Vitro Screening of East Asian Plant Extracts for Potential Use in Reducing Ruminal Methane Production." Animals 11, no. 4: 1020.