In this research, the membranes were stemmed from the biopolymer containing quaternary amine moieties (Chitosan and Chitosan-palm) for nanofiltration purposes. The developed membranes were fully featured using different characterization techniques (SEM), (TGA), zeta potential, and contact angle measurement. The membrane’s features were systematically characterized in hydrophilicity contact angle, surface morphology, and charge on the surface, acidity, and water permeability. The permeability of water for the chitosan membrane with palm was 3.04 ± 0.12 L m⁻² h⁻¹bar⁻¹ twice as the average permeability of the pristine chitosan membrane 1.68 ± 0.04 L m⁻².h⁻¹.bar⁻¹. The salt rejection was enhanced (from 5% for NaCl to 70% for MgCl₂ in the same condition). These membranes could endure up to 22 bar. Therefore, the developed Chitosan and chitosan-palm membranes are more noteworthy for water treatment than the other commercially available membranes and costly activated carbons.

The sonication-mediated oxidative-radical copolymerization using ammonium persulfate in acidic medium provides a new successful avenue to graft Chitosan with three methylaniline derivatives. The synthesized Chitosan-graft-polymethylanilines (CGPMA) were characterized using FTIR, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD spectra revealed that CGPMA have a higher crystallinity degree compared to the pristine Chitosan. In addition, a methyl position-dependent crystallinity is noticeable for the grafted copolymers. This could be confirmed from TEM images that reflect structure-affected morphologies of different ordering for the graft spherical nanoparticles. Interestingly, the copolymers prepared under ultrasonic irradiation show a high potency in dye uptake compared to nonsonicated ones. Moreover, an antibacterial preliminary test on the as-prepared materials was accomplished. We have achieved promising results, which encourages us to conduct more studies to process these materials in developing biomedical active composites.

As a result of global urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals are one of the hazardous contaminants facing the world. The adsorption process using agricultural wastes can achieve one of the sustainable development goals for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Moringa and tea extracts were utilized to synthesize iron nanoparticles for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing heavy metal ions (Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Se²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺). This method offers a sustainable substitute for conventional chemical wastewater treatment methods. Furthermore, the use of magnetic iron nanoparticles reduces the need for extra separation processes by making it simple to separate the adsorbent from the treated waste using a magnetic field. Various techniques were employed to characterize the prepared nanoparticles, such Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline phase of alpha-FeNPs in the synthesized nanoparticles. The EDX analysis verified the presence of oxygen and iron in the nanoparticles, indicating that the iron was in an oxide form. This study aimed to investigate the removal of heavy metals using nano-magnetic composites of moringa (FeNPs-M) and tea (FeNPs-T). To assess the effectiveness of the FeNPs-M several parameters were tested, including pH, contact time, initial concentration, and nanoparticle dosage. The results indicated that the efficiency of FeNPs-M was significantly higher than that of FeNPs-T for the removal of heavy metals from synthetic solutions, achieving removal efficiency are 96.5% 99.71%, 96.73%, 93.16%, and 91.83% of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Se²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺, respectively, when using FeNPs-M, while the removal efficiency are 96.36%, 93.40%, 79.83%, 78.6%, and 77.77% of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Se²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺, respectively, 25 °C, with a contact time of 45 min, a pH of 3.0, concentration 3.0 mg/L, a sorbent dose of 0.8 g/L, and 200 rpm at 25 °C.

An RP-HPLC method with a UV detector was developed for the simultaneous quantification of diclofenac diethylamine, methyl salicylate, and capsaicin in a pharmaceutical formulation and rabbit skin samples. The separation was achieved using a Thermo Scientific ACCLAIM^TM 120 C₁₈ column (Waltham, MA, USA, 4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 µm). The optimized elution phase consisted of deionized water adjusted to pH = 3 using phosphoric acid mixed with acetonitrile in a 35:65% (v/v) ratio with isocratic elution. The flow rate was set at 0.7 mL/min, and the detection was performed at 205 nm and 25 °C. The method exhibits good linearity for capsaicin (0.05–70.0 µg/mL), methyl salicylate (0.05–100.0 µg/mL), and diclofenac diethylamine (0.05–100.0 µg/mL), with low LOD values (0.0249, 0.0271, and 0.0038 for capsaicin, methyl salicylate, and diclofenac diethylamine, respectively). The RSD% values were below 3.0%, indicating good precision. The overall greenness score of the method was 0.61, reflecting its environmentally friendly nature. The developed RP-HPLC method was successfully applied to analyze Omni Hot Gel^® pharmaceutical formulation and rabbit skin permeation samples.

A facile and sensible spectrofluorimetric approach for the measurement of two antipsychotic medications, aripiperazole (ARP) and clozapine (CLZ), was devised and validated. The approach involves reacting the examined medicines with o-phthalaldehyde in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol in a borate buffer of pH 9.0 and pH 10 for ARP and CLZ, respectively, to produce a robustly fluorescent compound that is detected at 450 nm following excitation at 340 nm. The experimental variables influencing the performance and product stability were thoroughly investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the intensity of the fluorescence was linear during a concentration range of 0.1–0.5 μg/mL, with a limit of detection (0.0391 and 0.0400 μg/mL) and limit of quantitation (0.1035 and 0.1332 μg/mL), respectively, for ARP and CLZ. The suggested approach was successful in analyzing commercialized tablets. A statistical investigation of the results produced by the suggested and standard methods showed no remarkable variation in the precision and accuracy of the two approaches. A chemical mechanism using o-phthalaldehyde was proposed.