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Mrs. Louisa Ludwig-Begall
Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Re-search Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium

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0 Norovirus
0 RNA viruses

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Review
Published: 04 August 2021 in Viruses
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Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.

ACS Style

Louisa Ludwig-Begall; Axel Mauroy; Etienne Thiry. Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021, 13, 1541 .

AMA Style

Louisa Ludwig-Begall, Axel Mauroy, Etienne Thiry. Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa Ludwig-Begall; Axel Mauroy; Etienne Thiry. 2021. "Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1541.

Original article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology
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Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), underscoring the urgent need for simple, efficient, and inexpensive methods to decontaminate masks and respirators exposed to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We hypothesized that methylene blue (MB) photochemical treatment, which has various clinical applications, could decontaminate PPE contaminated with coronavirus. Design: The 2 arms of the study included (1) PPE inoculation with coronaviruses followed by MB with light (MBL) decontamination treatment and (2) PPE treatment with MBL for 5 cycles of decontamination to determine maintenance of PPE performance. Methods: MBL treatment was used to inactivate coronaviruses on 3 N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) and 2 medical mask models. We inoculated FFR and medical mask materials with 3 coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and we treated them with 10 µM MB and exposed them to 50,000 lux of white light or 12,500 lux of red light for 30 minutes. In parallel, integrity was assessed after 5 cycles of decontamination using multiple US and international test methods, and the process was compared with the FDA-authorized vaporized hydrogen peroxide plus ozone (VHP+O3) decontamination method. Results: Overall, MBL robustly and consistently inactivated all 3 coronaviruses with 99.8% to >99.9% virus inactivation across all FFRs and medical masks tested. FFR and medical mask integrity was maintained after 5 cycles of MBL treatment, whereas 1 FFR model failed after 5 cycles of VHP+O3. Conclusions: MBL treatment decontaminated respirators and masks by inactivating 3 tested coronaviruses without compromising integrity through 5 cycles of decontamination. MBL decontamination is effective, is low cost, and does not require specialized equipment, making it applicable in low- to high-resource settings.

ACS Style

Thomas Sean Lendvay; James Chen; Brian H. Harcourt; Florine E. M. Scholte; Ying Ling Lin; F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci; Molly M. Lamb; Kamonthip Homdayjanakul; Yi Cui; Amy Price; Belinda Heyne; Jaya Sahni; Kareem B. Kabra; Yi-Chan Lin; David Evans; Christopher N. Mores; Ken Page; Larry F. Chu; Eric Haubruge; Etienne Thiry; Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Constance Wielick; Tanner Clark; Thor Wagner; Emily Timm; Thomas Gallagher; Peter Faris; Nicolas Macia; Cyrus J. Mackie; Sarah M. Simmons; Susan Reader; Rebecca Malott; Karen Hope; Jan M. Davies; Sarah R. Tritsch; Lorène Dams; Hans Nauwynck; Jean-Francois Willaert; Simon De Jaeger; Lei Liao; Mervin Zhao; Jan Laperre; Olivier Jolois; Sarah J. Smit; Alpa N. Patel; Mark Mayo; Rod Parker; Vanessa Molloy-Simard; Jean-Luc Lemyre; Steven Chu; John M. Conly; May C. Chu. Addressing personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination: Methylene blue and light inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on N95 respirators and medical masks with maintenance of integrity and fit. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Thomas Sean Lendvay, James Chen, Brian H. Harcourt, Florine E. M. Scholte, Ying Ling Lin, F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci, Molly M. Lamb, Kamonthip Homdayjanakul, Yi Cui, Amy Price, Belinda Heyne, Jaya Sahni, Kareem B. Kabra, Yi-Chan Lin, David Evans, Christopher N. Mores, Ken Page, Larry F. Chu, Eric Haubruge, Etienne Thiry, Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall, Constance Wielick, Tanner Clark, Thor Wagner, Emily Timm, Thomas Gallagher, Peter Faris, Nicolas Macia, Cyrus J. Mackie, Sarah M. Simmons, Susan Reader, Rebecca Malott, Karen Hope, Jan M. Davies, Sarah R. Tritsch, Lorène Dams, Hans Nauwynck, Jean-Francois Willaert, Simon De Jaeger, Lei Liao, Mervin Zhao, Jan Laperre, Olivier Jolois, Sarah J. Smit, Alpa N. Patel, Mark Mayo, Rod Parker, Vanessa Molloy-Simard, Jean-Luc Lemyre, Steven Chu, John M. Conly, May C. Chu. Addressing personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination: Methylene blue and light inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on N95 respirators and medical masks with maintenance of integrity and fit. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Sean Lendvay; James Chen; Brian H. Harcourt; Florine E. M. Scholte; Ying Ling Lin; F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci; Molly M. Lamb; Kamonthip Homdayjanakul; Yi Cui; Amy Price; Belinda Heyne; Jaya Sahni; Kareem B. Kabra; Yi-Chan Lin; David Evans; Christopher N. Mores; Ken Page; Larry F. Chu; Eric Haubruge; Etienne Thiry; Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Constance Wielick; Tanner Clark; Thor Wagner; Emily Timm; Thomas Gallagher; Peter Faris; Nicolas Macia; Cyrus J. Mackie; Sarah M. Simmons; Susan Reader; Rebecca Malott; Karen Hope; Jan M. Davies; Sarah R. Tritsch; Lorène Dams; Hans Nauwynck; Jean-Francois Willaert; Simon De Jaeger; Lei Liao; Mervin Zhao; Jan Laperre; Olivier Jolois; Sarah J. Smit; Alpa N. Patel; Mark Mayo; Rod Parker; Vanessa Molloy-Simard; Jean-Luc Lemyre; Steven Chu; John M. Conly; May C. Chu. 2021. "Addressing personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination: Methylene blue and light inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on N95 respirators and medical masks with maintenance of integrity and fit." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , no. : 1-10.

Communication
Published: 02 May 2021 in Viruses
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Viral recombination is a key mechanism in the evolution and diversity of noroviruses. In vivo, synchronous single-cell coinfection by multiple viruses, the ultimate prerequisite to viral recombination, is likely to be a rare event and delayed secondary infections are a more probable occurrence. Here, we determine the effect of a temporal separation of in vitro infections with the two homologous murine norovirus strains MNV-1 WU20 and CW1 on the composition of nascent viral populations. WU20 and CW1 were either synchronously inoculated onto murine macrophage cell monolayers (coinfection) or asynchronously applied (superinfection with varying titres of CW1 at half-hour to 24-h delays). Then, 24 h after initial co-or superinfection, quantification of genomic copy numbers and discriminative screening of plaque picked infectious progeny viruses demonstrated a time-dependent predominance of primary infecting WU20 in the majority of viral progenies. Our results indicate that a time interval from one to two hours onwards between two consecutive norovirus infections allows for the establishment of a barrier that reduces or prevents superinfection.

ACS Style

Louisa Ludwig-Begall; Elisabetta Di Felice; Barbara Toffoli; Chiara Ceci; Barbara Di Martino; Fulvio Marsilio; Axel Mauroy; Etienne Thiry. Analysis of Synchronous and Asynchronous In Vitro Infections with Homologous Murine Norovirus Strains Reveals Time-Dependent Viral Interference Effects. Viruses 2021, 13, 823 .

AMA Style

Louisa Ludwig-Begall, Elisabetta Di Felice, Barbara Toffoli, Chiara Ceci, Barbara Di Martino, Fulvio Marsilio, Axel Mauroy, Etienne Thiry. Analysis of Synchronous and Asynchronous In Vitro Infections with Homologous Murine Norovirus Strains Reveals Time-Dependent Viral Interference Effects. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):823.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa Ludwig-Begall; Elisabetta Di Felice; Barbara Toffoli; Chiara Ceci; Barbara Di Martino; Fulvio Marsilio; Axel Mauroy; Etienne Thiry. 2021. "Analysis of Synchronous and Asynchronous In Vitro Infections with Homologous Murine Norovirus Strains Reveals Time-Dependent Viral Interference Effects." Viruses 13, no. 5: 823.

Preprint content
Published: 15 January 2021
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Background As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic accelerates, the supply of personal protective equipment remains under strain. To combat shortages, re-use of surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators has been recommended. Prior decontamination is paramount to the re-use of these typically single-use only items and, without compromising their integrity, must guarantee inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other contaminating pathogens. Aim We provide information on the effect of time-dependent passive decontamination at room temperature and evaluate inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and a non-enveloped model virus as well as mask and respirator integrity following active multiple-cycle vaporised hydrogen peroxide (VHP), ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), and dry heat (DH) decontamination. Methods Masks and respirators, inoculated with infectious porcine respiratory coronavirus or murine norovirus, were submitted to passive decontamination or single or multiple active decontamination cycles; viruses were recovered from sample materials and viral titres were measured via TCID50 assay. In parallel, filtration efficiency tests and breathability tests were performed according to EN standard 14683 and NIOSH regulations. Results and Discussion Infectious porcine respiratory coronavirus and murine norovirus remained detectable on masks and respirators up to five and seven days of passive decontamination. Single and multiple cycles of VHP-, UVGI-, and DH were shown to not adversely affect bacterial filtration efficiency of masks. Single- and multiple UVGI did not adversely affect respirator filtration efficiency, while VHP and DH induced a decrease in filtration efficiency after one or three decontamination cycles. Multiple cycles of VHP-, UVGI-, and DH slightly decreased airflow resistance of masks but did not adversely affect respirator breathability. VHP and UVGI efficiently inactivated both viruses after five, DH after three, decontamination cycles, permitting demonstration of a loss of infectivity by more than three orders of magnitude. This multi-disciplinal approach provides important information on how often a given PPE item may be safely reused.

ACS Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Constance Wielick; Olivier Jolois; Lorène Dams; Ravo M. Razafimahefa; Hans Nauwynck; Pierre-Francois Demeuldre; Aurore Napp; Jan Laperre; Frédéric Farnir; Etienne Thiry; Eric Haubruge. From “don, doff, and discard” to “don, doff, and decontaminate” – determination of filtering facepiece respirator and surgical mask integrity and inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and a small non-enveloped virus following multiple-cycles of vaporised hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, and dry heat decontamination. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall, Constance Wielick, Olivier Jolois, Lorène Dams, Ravo M. Razafimahefa, Hans Nauwynck, Pierre-Francois Demeuldre, Aurore Napp, Jan Laperre, Frédéric Farnir, Etienne Thiry, Eric Haubruge. From “don, doff, and discard” to “don, doff, and decontaminate” – determination of filtering facepiece respirator and surgical mask integrity and inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and a small non-enveloped virus following multiple-cycles of vaporised hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, and dry heat decontamination. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Constance Wielick; Olivier Jolois; Lorène Dams; Ravo M. Razafimahefa; Hans Nauwynck; Pierre-Francois Demeuldre; Aurore Napp; Jan Laperre; Frédéric Farnir; Etienne Thiry; Eric Haubruge. 2021. "From “don, doff, and discard” to “don, doff, and decontaminate” – determination of filtering facepiece respirator and surgical mask integrity and inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and a small non-enveloped virus following multiple-cycles of vaporised hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, and dry heat decontamination." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 11 December 2020
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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in severe shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary to protect front-line healthcare personnel. These shortages underscore the urgent need for simple, efficient, and inexpensive methods to decontaminate SARS-CoV-2-exposed PPE enabling safe reuse of masks and respirators. Efficient decontamination must be available not only in low-resourced settings, but also in well-resourced settings affected by PPE shortages. Methylene blue (MB) photochemical treatment, hitherto with many clinical applications including those used to inactivate virus in plasma, presents a novel approach for widely applicable PPE decontamination. Dry heat (DH) treatment is another potential low-cost decontamination method. Methods: MB and light (MBL) and DH treatments were used to inactivate coronavirus on respirator and mask material. We tested three N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), two medical masks (MMs), and one cloth community mask (CM). FFR/MM/CM materials were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (a Betacoronavirus), murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (a Betacoronavirus), or porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) (an Alphacoronavirus), and treated with 10 μM MB followed by 50,000 lux of broad-spectrum light or 12,500 lux of red light for 30 minutes, or with 75°C DH for 60 minutes. In parallel, we tested respirator and mask integrity using several standard methods and compared to the FDA-authorized vaporized hydrogen peroxide plus ozone (VHP+O3) decontamination method. Intact FFRs/MMs/CM were subjected to five cycles of decontamination (5CD) to assess integrity using International Standardization Organization (ISO), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) test methods. Findings: Overall, MBL robustly and consistently inactivated all three coronaviruses with at least a 4-log reduction. DH yielded similar results, with the exception of MHV, which was only reduced by 2-log after treatment. FFR/MM integrity was maintained for 5 cycles of MBL or DH treatment, whereas one FFR failed after 5 cycles of VHP+O3. Baseline performance for the CM was variable, but reduction of integrity was minimal. Interpretation: Methylene blue with light and DH treatment decontaminated masks and respirators by inactivating three tested coronaviruses without compromising integrity through 5CD. MBL decontamination of masks is effective, low-cost and does not require specialized equipment, making it applicable in all-resource settings. These attractive features support the utilization and continued development of this novel PPE decontamination method.

ACS Style

Thomas S Lendvay; James Chen; Brian H Harcourt; Florine E.M. Scholte; F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci; Ying Ling Lin; Molly M Lamb; Larry F Chu; Amy Price; David Evans; Yi-Chan Lin; Christopher N Mores; Jaya Sahni; Kareem B Kabra; Eric Haurbruge; Etienne Thiry; Belinda Heyne; Jan Laperre; Sarah Simmons; Jan Davies; Yi Cui; Thor Wagner; Tanner Clark; Sarah J Smit; Rod Parker; Thomas Gallagher; Emily Timm; Louisa F Ludwig-Begall; Nicolas Macia; Cyrus Mackie; Karen Hope; Ken Page; Susan Reader; Peter Faris; Oliver Jolois; Alpa Patel; Jean-Luc Lemyre; Vanessa Molly-Simard; Kamonthip Homdayjanakul; Sarah R Tritsch; Constance Wielick; Mark Mayo; Rebecca Malott; Jean-Francois Willaert; Hans Nauwynck; Loréne Dams; Simon De Jaeger; Lei Liao; Mervin Zhao; Steven Chu; John Conly; May C Chu. Addressing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Decontamination: Methylene Blue and Light Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on N95 Respirators and Masks with Maintenance of Integrity and Fit. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Thomas S Lendvay, James Chen, Brian H Harcourt, Florine E.M. Scholte, F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci, Ying Ling Lin, Molly M Lamb, Larry F Chu, Amy Price, David Evans, Yi-Chan Lin, Christopher N Mores, Jaya Sahni, Kareem B Kabra, Eric Haurbruge, Etienne Thiry, Belinda Heyne, Jan Laperre, Sarah Simmons, Jan Davies, Yi Cui, Thor Wagner, Tanner Clark, Sarah J Smit, Rod Parker, Thomas Gallagher, Emily Timm, Louisa F Ludwig-Begall, Nicolas Macia, Cyrus Mackie, Karen Hope, Ken Page, Susan Reader, Peter Faris, Oliver Jolois, Alpa Patel, Jean-Luc Lemyre, Vanessa Molly-Simard, Kamonthip Homdayjanakul, Sarah R Tritsch, Constance Wielick, Mark Mayo, Rebecca Malott, Jean-Francois Willaert, Hans Nauwynck, Loréne Dams, Simon De Jaeger, Lei Liao, Mervin Zhao, Steven Chu, John Conly, May C Chu. Addressing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Decontamination: Methylene Blue and Light Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on N95 Respirators and Masks with Maintenance of Integrity and Fit. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas S Lendvay; James Chen; Brian H Harcourt; Florine E.M. Scholte; F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci; Ying Ling Lin; Molly M Lamb; Larry F Chu; Amy Price; David Evans; Yi-Chan Lin; Christopher N Mores; Jaya Sahni; Kareem B Kabra; Eric Haurbruge; Etienne Thiry; Belinda Heyne; Jan Laperre; Sarah Simmons; Jan Davies; Yi Cui; Thor Wagner; Tanner Clark; Sarah J Smit; Rod Parker; Thomas Gallagher; Emily Timm; Louisa F Ludwig-Begall; Nicolas Macia; Cyrus Mackie; Karen Hope; Ken Page; Susan Reader; Peter Faris; Oliver Jolois; Alpa Patel; Jean-Luc Lemyre; Vanessa Molly-Simard; Kamonthip Homdayjanakul; Sarah R Tritsch; Constance Wielick; Mark Mayo; Rebecca Malott; Jean-Francois Willaert; Hans Nauwynck; Loréne Dams; Simon De Jaeger; Lei Liao; Mervin Zhao; Steven Chu; John Conly; May C Chu. 2020. "Addressing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Decontamination: Methylene Blue and Light Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on N95 Respirators and Masks with Maintenance of Integrity and Fit." , no. : 1.

Other
Published: 09 September 2020
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In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reuse of surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators has been recommended. Their reuse necessitates procedures to inactivate contaminating human respiratory and oral pathogens. We previously demonstrated decontamination of masks and respirators contaminated with an infectious SARS-CoV-2 surrogate via ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, vaporised hydrogen peroxide, and use of dry heat. Here, we show that these same methods efficiently inactivate a more resistant, non-enveloped oral virus; decontamination of infectious murine norovirus-contaminated masks and respirators reduced viral titres by over four orders of magnitude on mask or respirator coupons.

ACS Style

Constance Wielick; Louisa Fiona Ludwig-Begall; Lorène Dams; Ravo Michele Razafimahefa; Pierre-Francois Demeuldre; Aurore Napp; Jan Laperre; Eric Haubruge; Etienne Thiry. The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with an infectious norovirus. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Constance Wielick, Louisa Fiona Ludwig-Begall, Lorène Dams, Ravo Michele Razafimahefa, Pierre-Francois Demeuldre, Aurore Napp, Jan Laperre, Eric Haubruge, Etienne Thiry. The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with an infectious norovirus. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Constance Wielick; Louisa Fiona Ludwig-Begall; Lorène Dams; Ravo Michele Razafimahefa; Pierre-Francois Demeuldre; Aurore Napp; Jan Laperre; Eric Haubruge; Etienne Thiry. 2020. "The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with an infectious norovirus." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 05 June 2020
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Background In the context of the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the supply of personal protective equipment remains under severe strain. To address this issue, re-use of surgical face masks and filtering facepiece respirators has been recommended; prior decontamination is paramount to their re-use. Aim We aim to provide information on the effects of three decontamination procedures on porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)-contaminated masks and respirators, presenting a stable model for infectious coronavirus decontamination of these typically single-use-only products. Methods Surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirator coupons and straps were inoculated with infectious PRCV and submitted to three decontamination treatments, UV irradiation, vaporised H2O2, and dry heat treatment. Viruses were recovered from sample materials and viral titres were measured in swine testicle cells. Findings UV irradiation, vaporised H2O2 and dry heat reduced infectious PRCV by more than three orders of magnitude on mask and respirator coupons and rendered it undetectable in all decontamination assays. Conclusion This is the first description of stable disinfection of face masks and filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with an infectious SARS-CoV-2 surrogate using UV irradiation, vaporised H2O2 and dry heat treatment. The three methods permit demonstration of a loss of infectivity by more than three orders of magnitude of an infectious coronavirus in line with the FDA policy regarding face masks and respirators. It presents advantages of uncomplicated manipulation and utilisation in a BSL2 facility, therefore being easily adaptable to other respirator and mask types.

ACS Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Constance Wielick; Lorène Dams; Hans Nauwynck; Pierre-Francois Demeuldre; Aurore Napp; Jan Laperre; Eric Haubruge; Etienne Thiry. The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall, Constance Wielick, Lorène Dams, Hans Nauwynck, Pierre-Francois Demeuldre, Aurore Napp, Jan Laperre, Eric Haubruge, Etienne Thiry. The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Constance Wielick; Lorène Dams; Hans Nauwynck; Pierre-Francois Demeuldre; Aurore Napp; Jan Laperre; Eric Haubruge; Etienne Thiry. 2020. "The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Journal of General Virology
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Noroviruses are recognized as the major cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Molecular mechanisms driving norovirus evolution are the accumulation of point mutations and recombination. Recombination can create considerable changes in a viral genome, potentially eliciting a fitness cost, which must be compensated via the adaptive capacity of a recombinant virus. We previously described replicative fitness reduction of the first in vitro generated WU20-CW1 recombinant murine norovirus, RecMNV. In this follow-up study, RecMNV’s capability of replicative fitness recuperation and genetic characteristics of RecMNV progenies at early and late stages of an adaptation experiment were evaluated. Replicative fitness regain of the recombinant was demonstrated via growth kinetics and plaque size differences between viral progenies prior to and post serial in vitro passaging. Point mutations at consensus and sub-consensus population levels of early and late viral progenies were characterized via next-generation sequencing and putatively associated to fitness changes. To investigate the effect of genomic changes separately and in combination in the context of a lab-generated inter-MNV infectious virus, mutations were introduced into a recombinant WU20-CW1 cDNA for subsequent DNA-based reverse genetics recovery. We thus associated fitness loss of RecMNV to a C7245T mutation and functional VP2 (ORF3) truncation and demonstrated individual and cumulative compensatory effects of one synonymous OFR2 and two non-synonymous ORF1 consensus-level mutations acquired during successive rounds of in vitro replication. Our data provide evidence of viral adaptation in a controlled environment via genetic drift after genetic shift induced a fitness cost of an infectious recombinant norovirus.

ACS Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Jia Lu; Myra Hosmillo; Edmilson F. De Oliveira-Filho; Elisabeth Mathijs; Ian Goodfellow; Axel Mauroy; Etienne Thiry. Replicative fitness recuperation of a recombinant murine norovirus – in vitro reciprocity of genetic shift and drift. Journal of General Virology 2020, 101, 510 -522.

AMA Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall, Jia Lu, Myra Hosmillo, Edmilson F. De Oliveira-Filho, Elisabeth Mathijs, Ian Goodfellow, Axel Mauroy, Etienne Thiry. Replicative fitness recuperation of a recombinant murine norovirus – in vitro reciprocity of genetic shift and drift. Journal of General Virology. 2020; 101 (5):510-522.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Jia Lu; Myra Hosmillo; Edmilson F. De Oliveira-Filho; Elisabeth Mathijs; Ian Goodfellow; Axel Mauroy; Etienne Thiry. 2020. "Replicative fitness recuperation of a recombinant murine norovirus – in vitro reciprocity of genetic shift and drift." Journal of General Virology 101, no. 5: 510-522.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2019 in Viruses
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Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus associated with fatal disease in progressively infected cats. While testing/removal and vaccination led to a decreased prevalence of FeLV, recently, this decrease has reportedly stagnated in some countries. This study aimed to prospectively determine the prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats taken to veterinary facilities in 32 European countries. FeLV viral RNA was semiquantitatively detected in saliva, using RT-qPCR as a measure of viraemia. Risk and protective factors were assessed using an online questionnaire to report geographic, demographic, husbandry, FeLV vaccination, and clinical data. The overall prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats visiting a veterinary facility, of which 10.4% were shelter and rescue cats, was 2.3% (141/6005; 95% CI: 2.0%–2.8%) with the highest prevalences in Portugal, Hungary, and Italy/Malta (5.7%–8.8%). Using multivariate analysis, seven risk factors (Southern Europe, male intact, 1–6 years of age, indoor and outdoor or outdoor-only living, living in a group of ≥5 cats, illness), and three protective factors (Northern Europe, Western Europe, pedigree cats) were identified. Using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, the origin of cats in Europe, pedigree, and access to outdoors were important predictors of FeLV status. FeLV-infected sick cats shed more viral RNA than FeLV-infected healthy cats, and they suffered more frequently from anaemia, anorexia, and gingivitis/stomatitis than uninfected sick cats. Most cats had never been FeLV-vaccinated; vaccination rates were indirectly associated with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In conclusion, we identified countries where FeLV was undetectable, demonstrating that the infection can be eradicated and highlighting those regions where awareness and prevention should be increased.

ACS Style

Nadine Studer; Hans Lutz; Claude Saegerman; Enikö Gönczi; Marina L. Meli; Gianluca Boo; Katrin Hartmann; Margaret J. Hosie; Karin Moestl; Séverine Tasker; Sándor Belák; Albert Lloret; Corine Boucraut-Baralon; Herman F. Egberink; Maria-Grazia Pennisi; Uwe Truyen; Tadeusz Frymus; Etienne Thiry; Fulvio Marsilio; Diane Addie; Manfred Hochleithner; Filip Tkalec; Zsuzsanna Vizi; Anna Brunetti; Boyko Georgiev; Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Flurin Tschuor; Carmel T. Mooney; Catarina Eliasson; Janne Orro; Helle Johansen; Kirsi Juuti; Igor Krampl; Kaspars Kovalenko; Jakov Šengaut; Cristina Sobral; Petra Borska; Simona Kovaříková; Regina Hofmann-Lehmann. Pan-European Study on the Prevalence of the Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection – Reported by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD Europe). Viruses 2019, 11, 993 .

AMA Style

Nadine Studer, Hans Lutz, Claude Saegerman, Enikö Gönczi, Marina L. Meli, Gianluca Boo, Katrin Hartmann, Margaret J. Hosie, Karin Moestl, Séverine Tasker, Sándor Belák, Albert Lloret, Corine Boucraut-Baralon, Herman F. Egberink, Maria-Grazia Pennisi, Uwe Truyen, Tadeusz Frymus, Etienne Thiry, Fulvio Marsilio, Diane Addie, Manfred Hochleithner, Filip Tkalec, Zsuzsanna Vizi, Anna Brunetti, Boyko Georgiev, Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall, Flurin Tschuor, Carmel T. Mooney, Catarina Eliasson, Janne Orro, Helle Johansen, Kirsi Juuti, Igor Krampl, Kaspars Kovalenko, Jakov Šengaut, Cristina Sobral, Petra Borska, Simona Kovaříková, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann. Pan-European Study on the Prevalence of the Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection – Reported by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD Europe). Viruses. 2019; 11 (11):993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadine Studer; Hans Lutz; Claude Saegerman; Enikö Gönczi; Marina L. Meli; Gianluca Boo; Katrin Hartmann; Margaret J. Hosie; Karin Moestl; Séverine Tasker; Sándor Belák; Albert Lloret; Corine Boucraut-Baralon; Herman F. Egberink; Maria-Grazia Pennisi; Uwe Truyen; Tadeusz Frymus; Etienne Thiry; Fulvio Marsilio; Diane Addie; Manfred Hochleithner; Filip Tkalec; Zsuzsanna Vizi; Anna Brunetti; Boyko Georgiev; Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall; Flurin Tschuor; Carmel T. Mooney; Catarina Eliasson; Janne Orro; Helle Johansen; Kirsi Juuti; Igor Krampl; Kaspars Kovalenko; Jakov Šengaut; Cristina Sobral; Petra Borska; Simona Kovaříková; Regina Hofmann-Lehmann. 2019. "Pan-European Study on the Prevalence of the Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection – Reported by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD Europe)." Viruses 11, no. 11: 993.