The braking system of a car must meet several requirements, among which safety is the most important. It is also composed of a set of mechanical parts such as springs, different types of materials (Metallic and Non Metallic), gases and liquids. The brakes must work safely and predictably in all circumstances, which means having a stable level of friction, in any condition of temperature, humidity and salinity of the environment. For a correct design and operation of brake discs, it is necessary to consider different aspects, such as geometry, type of material, mechanical strength, maximum temperature, thermal deformation, cracking resistance, among others. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to analyze the dynamics and kinetics of the brake system from the pedal as the beginning of mathematical calculations to simulate the behavior and Analysis of Finite Elements (FEA), with the help of SolidWorks Simulation Software. The results show that the third brake disc works best in relation to the other two discs in their different working conditions such as speed and displacement in braking, concluding that depending on the geometry of the brake and the cooling channels these systems can be optimized that are of great importance for the automotive industry.

El sistema de frenado de un automóvil debe satisfacer un complejo conjunto de requerimientos, entre los cuales la seguridad es lo más importante. Los frenos deben trabajar en forma segura y predecible en cualquier circunstancia, lo cual implica disponer de un nivel estable de fricción, en cualquier condición de temperatura, humedad y salinidad del medio ambiente. Para un correcto diseño y operación de los discos de freno, es necesario considerar diferentes aspectos, tales como la geometría, el tipo de material, la resistencia mecánica, la temperatura máxima, la deformación térmica, la resistencia al agrietamiento, entre otros. Todos estos aspectos inciden en que el proceso de corrosión se acelere y se genere así desgaste de los componentes de los discos y por ende la inseguridad en el proceso de frenado.

Introduction: The braking system of a car must work safely and predictably in any circumstance, which implies having a stable level of friction, in any condition of temperature, humidity and salinity of the environment. For a correct design and operation of the brake discs, it is necessary to consider different aspects, such as geometry, type of material, mechanical resistance, maximum temperature, thermal deformation, resistance to cracking, among others. Objective: In the present work the analysis of the brake system from the pedal was carried out as the beginning of the kinetic and dynamic calculations of the constituent elements and in this way simulate the behavior of an automotive brake with NACA 66- 209 Methodology: The development of the investigation was carried out by means of the execution of a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with the help of the SolidWorks Simulation Software, where the geometric model of the disk was carried out in order to identify the elements submitted to maximum temperature variations. Results: The results correspond to the results of the tests that were carried out with the numerical results, optimizing the geometry type of the aid to the fastest evacuation of calories disc brakes. Conclusions: These systems work in optimal conditions, that is to say: speed of 80 Km / h, in an environment of 22 ° C generating a braking temperature of 60.5 ° C. These values guarantee high levels of safety and operation compared to other types of geometries, in addition to being able to determine their operating conditions under different working conditions. Introducción: El sistema de frenado de un automóvil debe trabajar en forma segura y predecible en cualquier circunstancia, lo cual implica disponer de un nivel estable de fricción, en cualquier condición de temperatura, humedad y salinidad del medio ambiente. Para un correcto diseño y operación de los discos de freno, es necesario considerar diferentes aspectos, tales como la geometría, el tipo de material, la resistencia mecánica, la temperatura máxima, la deformación térmica, la resistencia al agrietamiento, entre otros. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo se realizó el análisis del sistema de freno a partir del pedal como inicio de los cálculos de cinética y dinámica de los elementos constitutivos y de esta manera simular el comportamiento de un freno automotriz con pilares de ventilación tipo NACA 66-209. Metodología: El desarrollo de la investigación se llevó a cabo mediante la ejecución de un Análisis de Elementos Finitos (FEA) con la ayuda del Software SolidWorks Simulation, donde se llevó a cabo el modelo geométrico del disco con la finalidad de identificar los elementos sometidos a máximas variaciones de temperatura. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que con los cálculos matemáticos se logró validar el correcto funcionamiento de sistema de frenado a diferentes condiciones de operación, con lo que se pudo optimizar este tipo de geometría para los discos ayudando a la evacuación más rápida de calor respecto a otros tipos de frenos de disco. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que estos sistemas trabajan en condiciones óptimas siempre garantizando altos niveles de seguridad y operación en comparación con otros tipos de geometrías, además de poder determinar sus condiciones de funcionamiento en diferentes condiciones de trabajo.

The present research consists in the application of statistical tools for the monitoring of the energy efficiency of indicators in productive processes that comply with the requirements of ISO 50001:2011. This paper presents the methodology and the results in terms of forecasting (SGE) for the consumption of electric energy in the manufacture of H-10 blocks using the STATGRAPHICS Centurion XV Software. The outcomes demonstrated the stabilization of the energy efficiency associated with an increase of production without investment by purchasing new equipment. That is to say, that only with the innovation and the follow-up of the process through applied management technologies the resources of the company can beoptimized, besides the adoption of a culture of energy management in an efficient way. The energy efficiency is optimized taking into account all the variables that influence the production process, besides performing preventive maintenance of the equipment in order to stabilize and control theparameters involved in the manufacture of masonry products for construction.

The problem of climate change and the reduction of fossil fuels has motivated the development of research focused on improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines. This research proposes a methodology based on mathematical models to determine the energy losses caused by auxiliary systems and friction processes in the engine. Therefore, models are proposed for calculating the energy losses in fuel injection, lubrication, and cooling system. In the same way, models are proposed for the energy losses due to friction in the piston, valve train, and bearings. Experimental tests are carried out on a single-cylinder diesel engine under different operating conditions to validate the proposed models. The results showed that the energy losses of the fuel injection, lubrication, and coolant system are equal to 0.61%, 0.30%, and 0.31% of the chemical energy of the injected fuel. In the case of the energy losses by friction processes, the piston, valve train, and bearings represent 5.47%, 1.34%, and 1.85% of the fuel energy, respectively. Additionally, the proposed model allows estimating the minimum lubrication film present in the piston, valve train, and bearings, which in the particular case of the present study were 0.63 µm, 0.10 µm, and 0.57 µm, respectively. In general, the methodology developed in the present work stands as a robust tool to evaluate the modifications and/or designs of auxiliary systems and friction processes to reduce the energy losses and protect the system from wear caused by lubrication problems. Additionally, the methodology allows evaluating the effect of different types of fuels on the lubrication conditions of the piston and the crankshaft bearings.

Clay surface characteristics using atomic force microscopy