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Enzyme Biotechnology Lab., Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, PAKISTAN.
In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.
Ishtiaq Ahmed; Saif Rehman; Shiva Shahmohamadnejad; Muhammad Zia; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; QingYou Liu. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules 2021, 26, 3389 .
AMA StyleIshtiaq Ahmed, Saif Rehman, Shiva Shahmohamadnejad, Muhammad Zia, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed, Zain Akram, Hafiz Iqbal, QingYou Liu. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshtiaq Ahmed; Saif Rehman; Shiva Shahmohamadnejad; Muhammad Zia; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; QingYou Liu. 2021. "Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3389.
In the late twentieth century, the only cost-effective opportunity for waste removal cost at least several thousand dollars, but nowadays, a lot of improvement has occurred. The biomass and waste generation problems attracted concerned authorities to identify and provide environmentally friendly sustainable solutions that possess environmental and economic benefits. The present study emphasises the valorisation of biomass and waste produced by domestic and industrial sectors. Therefore, substantial research is ongoing to replace the traditional treatment methods that potentially acquire less detrimental effects. Synthetic biology can be a unique platform that invites all the relevant characters for designing and assembling an efficient program that could be useful to handle the increasing threat for human beings. In the future, these engineered methods will not only revolutionise our lives but practically lead us to get cheaper biofuels, producing bioenergy, pharmaceutics, and various biochemicals. The bioaugmentation approach concomitant with microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an example that is used to produce electricity from municipal waste, which is directly associated with the loading of waste. Beyond the traditional opportunities, herein, we have spotlighted the new advances in pertinent technology closely related to production and reduction approaches. Various integrated modern techniques and aspects related to the industrial sector are also discussed with suitable examples, including green energy and other industrially relevant products. However, many problems persist in present-day technology that requires essential efforts to handle thoroughly because significant valorisation of biomass and waste involves integrated methods for timely detection, classification, and separation. We reviewed and proposed the anticipated dispensation methods to overcome the growing stream of biomass and waste at a distinct and organisational scale.
Ishtiaq Ahmed; Muhammad Zia; Huma Afzal; Shaheez Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Zain Akram; Farooq Sher; Hafiz Iqbal. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4200 .
AMA StyleIshtiaq Ahmed, Muhammad Zia, Huma Afzal, Shaheez Ahmed, Muhammad Ahmad, Zain Akram, Farooq Sher, Hafiz Iqbal. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshtiaq Ahmed; Muhammad Zia; Huma Afzal; Shaheez Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Zain Akram; Farooq Sher; Hafiz Iqbal. 2021. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4200.