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Mr. Ishtiaq Ahmed
Griffith University Australia

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
0 Vps4p
0 Pro1p
0 Vps2p
0 cryo-EM

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Vps4p
cryo-EM

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Career Timeline

Griffith University

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01 February 2017 - 01 August 2020




Short Biography

I am completing my Ph.D. studies in the School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland at Griffith University. My research focus is on the Structural studies of Vps4 protein complexes target for a novel antiviral drug. I am a recipient of the Griffith University International Postgraduate Research Scholarship. My Master’s degree project resulted in three publications and one conference presentation and the current studies have resulted in two publications and two conference participation so far. I have 7 years of experience in medical Microbiology, Molecular genetics, medical Biochemistry, and Protein structural biology.

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Review
Published: 03 June 2021 in Molecules
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In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Saif Rehman; Shiva Shahmohamadnejad; Muhammad Zia; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; QingYou Liu. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules 2021, 26, 3389 .

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Saif Rehman, Shiva Shahmohamadnejad, Muhammad Zia, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed, Zain Akram, Hafiz Iqbal, QingYou Liu. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3389.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Saif Rehman; Shiva Shahmohamadnejad; Muhammad Zia; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; QingYou Liu. 2021. "Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3389.

Review
Published: 09 April 2021 in Sustainability
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In the late twentieth century, the only cost-effective opportunity for waste removal cost at least several thousand dollars, but nowadays, a lot of improvement has occurred. The biomass and waste generation problems attracted concerned authorities to identify and provide environmentally friendly sustainable solutions that possess environmental and economic benefits. The present study emphasises the valorisation of biomass and waste produced by domestic and industrial sectors. Therefore, substantial research is ongoing to replace the traditional treatment methods that potentially acquire less detrimental effects. Synthetic biology can be a unique platform that invites all the relevant characters for designing and assembling an efficient program that could be useful to handle the increasing threat for human beings. In the future, these engineered methods will not only revolutionise our lives but practically lead us to get cheaper biofuels, producing bioenergy, pharmaceutics, and various biochemicals. The bioaugmentation approach concomitant with microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an example that is used to produce electricity from municipal waste, which is directly associated with the loading of waste. Beyond the traditional opportunities, herein, we have spotlighted the new advances in pertinent technology closely related to production and reduction approaches. Various integrated modern techniques and aspects related to the industrial sector are also discussed with suitable examples, including green energy and other industrially relevant products. However, many problems persist in present-day technology that requires essential efforts to handle thoroughly because significant valorisation of biomass and waste involves integrated methods for timely detection, classification, and separation. We reviewed and proposed the anticipated dispensation methods to overcome the growing stream of biomass and waste at a distinct and organisational scale.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Muhammad Zia; Huma Afzal; Shaheez Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Zain Akram; Farooq Sher; Hafiz Iqbal. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4200 .

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Muhammad Zia, Huma Afzal, Shaheez Ahmed, Muhammad Ahmad, Zain Akram, Farooq Sher, Hafiz Iqbal. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Muhammad Zia; Huma Afzal; Shaheez Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Zain Akram; Farooq Sher; Hafiz Iqbal. 2021. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4200.

Review
Published: 22 July 2020 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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The current technical advancements in microscopes are driving visualisation of biological samples at the micro- and nano-scales. Most of in-practice, imaging devices and methods require extensive experimental work to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) structure of macromolecular complexes. The 3D structure(s) of macromolecular complexes in combination with plunge-freezing or negatively-stained biological samples are typically elucidated by the use of the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The negatively-stained samples typically result in lower resolution images and that provide a limited visualisation of 3D structural details. In this context, the advent of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionised the molecular imaging field in recent years, such that it has emerged as a powerful technique for the characterisation of a biomolecular structure at near-to, or in some cases true atomic resolution. In cryo-EM, particles suspended within vitreous ice are imaged and processed computationally to determine their 3D structure(s). Here, the use of cryo-EM for the analysis of macromolecular complexes is discussed, and some specific examples are provided to illustrate how some key parameters such as grid properties and modifications can influence the resolution of the 3D structure(s). In conclusion, considering the biological sample complexity, this review focuses on important advancements to solve the technical issues and aspects of sample handling that need to be taken into account when performing cryo-EM nanoimaging.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; M. Sana Ullah Sahar; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal; Michael J. Landsberg; Alan L. Munn. Structural studies of vitrified biological proteins and macromolecules – A review on the microimaging aspects of cryo-electron microscopy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Zain Akram, M. Sana Ullah Sahar, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal, Michael J. Landsberg, Alan L. Munn. Structural studies of vitrified biological proteins and macromolecules – A review on the microimaging aspects of cryo-electron microscopy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; M. Sana Ullah Sahar; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal; Michael J. Landsberg; Alan L. Munn. 2020. "Structural studies of vitrified biological proteins and macromolecules – A review on the microimaging aspects of cryo-electron microscopy." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
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Despite the earlier two Coronavirus outbreaks, this appearance of the third Coronavirus outbreak has brought several complications and now emerged as a human-health related pandemic issue. The wide geographical spread and transmissibility of newly emerged novel-Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raised serious concerns about the future trajectory of the 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 outbreak. Herein, we have briefly covered some important aspects of the 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 outbreak to highlight the need to learn lessons for a safer future. First, an epidemiological comparison of respiratory viral infections with particular reference to 2019-nCoV is given with relevant examples. Following that, considering the earlier two Coronavirus outbreaks, the emergence of another new 2019-nCoV is given. Finally, the lesson learned, so far, and key concerns for pandemic impact assessment at large and COVID-19, in particular, are discussed for future considerations.

ACS Style

Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Imran Khan; Muhammad Shahzad Nazir; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Coronaviruses and COVID-19 – Complications and Lessons Learned for the Future. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2020, 14, 725 -731.

AMA Style

Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Shahzad Nazir, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Coronaviruses and COVID-19 – Complications and Lessons Learned for the Future. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2020; 14 (suppl 1):725-731.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Imran Khan; Muhammad Shahzad Nazir; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2020. "Coronaviruses and COVID-19 – Complications and Lessons Learned for the Future." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. suppl 1: 725-731.

Review
Published: 10 March 2020 in Cells
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The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an actin cytoskeleton that comprises a set of protein components analogous to those found in the actin cytoskeletons of higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeletons of S. cerevisiae and of higher eukaryotes have some similar physiological roles. The genetic tractability of budding yeast and the availability of a stable haploid cell type facilitates the application of molecular genetic approaches to assign functions to the various actin cytoskeleton components. This has provided information that is in general complementary to that provided by studies of the equivalent proteins of higher eukaryotes and hence has enabled a more complete view of the role of these proteins. Several human functional homologues of yeast actin effectors are implicated in diseases. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of these proteins is critical to develop improved therapeutic strategies. In this article we chose as examples four evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with the actin cytoskeleton: (1) yeast Hof1p/mammalian PSTPIP1, (2) yeast Rvs167p/mammalian BIN1, (3) yeast eEF1A/eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 and (4) yeast Yih1p/mammalian IMPACT. We compare the knowledge on the functions of these actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins that has arisen from studies of their homologues in yeast with information that has been obtained from in vivo studies using live animals or in vitro studies using cultured animal cell lines.

ACS Style

Zain Akram; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Heike Mack; RamanDeep Kaur; Richard C. Silva; Beatriz A. Castilho; Sylvie Friant; Evelyn Sattlegger; Alan L. Munn. Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals—Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells 2020, 9, 672 .

AMA Style

Zain Akram, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Heike Mack, RamanDeep Kaur, Richard C. Silva, Beatriz A. Castilho, Sylvie Friant, Evelyn Sattlegger, Alan L. Munn. Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals—Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells. 2020; 9 (3):672.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zain Akram; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Heike Mack; RamanDeep Kaur; Richard C. Silva; Beatriz A. Castilho; Sylvie Friant; Evelyn Sattlegger; Alan L. Munn. 2020. "Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals—Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins." Cells 9, no. 3: 672.

Review
Published: 18 March 2019 in Marine Drugs
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In recent years, the demand for naturally derived products has hiked with enormous pressure to propose or develop state-of-the-art strategies to meet sustainable circular economy challenges. Microalgae possess the flexibility to produce a variety of high-value products of industrial interests. From pigments such as phycobilins or lutein to phycotoxins and several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), microalgae have the potential to become the primary producers for the pharmaceutical, food, and agronomical industries. Also, microalgae require minimal resources to grow due to their autotrophic nature or by consuming waste matter, while allowing for the extraction of several valuable side products such as hydrogen gas and biodiesel in a single process, following a biorefinery agenda. From a Mexican microalgae biodiversity perspective, more than 70 different local species have been characterized and isolated, whereas, only a minimal amount has been explored to produce commercially valuable products, thus ignoring their potential as a locally available resource. In this paper, we discuss the microalgae diversity present in Mexico with their current applications and potential, while expanding on their future applications in bioengineering along with other industrial sectors. In conclusion, the use of available microalgae to produce biochemically revenuable products currently represents an untapped potential that could lead to the solution of several problems through green technologies. As such, if the social, industrial and research communities collaborate to strive towards a greener economy by preserving the existing biodiversity and optimizing the use of the currently available resources, the enrichment of our society and the solution to several environmental problems could be attained.

ACS Style

Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández; Kenya D. Romero-Castillo; Lizeth Parra-Arroyo; Mauricio A. Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías; Isaac E. García-Reyes; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Roberto Parra-Saldivar; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Mexican Microalgae Biodiversity and State-Of-The-Art Extraction Strategies to Meet Sustainable Circular Economy Challenges: High-Value Compounds and Their Applied Perspectives. Marine Drugs 2019, 17, 174 .

AMA Style

Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Kenya D. Romero-Castillo, Lizeth Parra-Arroyo, Mauricio A. Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías, Isaac E. García-Reyes, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Roberto Parra-Saldivar, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Mexican Microalgae Biodiversity and State-Of-The-Art Extraction Strategies to Meet Sustainable Circular Economy Challenges: High-Value Compounds and Their Applied Perspectives. Marine Drugs. 2019; 17 (3):174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández; Kenya D. Romero-Castillo; Lizeth Parra-Arroyo; Mauricio A. Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías; Isaac E. García-Reyes; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Roberto Parra-Saldivar; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2019. "Mexican Microalgae Biodiversity and State-Of-The-Art Extraction Strategies to Meet Sustainable Circular Economy Challenges: High-Value Compounds and Their Applied Perspectives." Marine Drugs 17, no. 3: 174.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In the 21st century, with ever-increasing consciousness and social awareness, researchers must tackle the microbial infections that pose a major threat to human safety. For many reasons, the emergence/re-emergence of threatening pathogens has increased and poses a serious challenge to health care services. Considering the changing dynamics of 21st-century materials with medical potentialities, the integration of bioactive agents into materials to engineer antibacterial matrices has received limited attention so far. Thus, antimicrobial active conjugates are considered potential candidates to eradicate infections and reduce microbial contaminations in healthcare facilities. In this context, eco-friendly and novel conjugates with antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer potentialities were developed using biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Convolvulus arvensis (C. arvensis) extract and chitosan (CHI). A range of instrumental and imaging tools, i.e., UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were employed to characterize the freshly extracted C. arvensis AgNPs. Biogenic AgNPs obtained after a 24-h reaction period were used to engineer CHI-based conjugates and designated as CHI‒AgNPs1 to CHI‒AgNPs5, subject to the C. arvensis AgNPs concentration. After the stipulated loading period, 92% loading efficiency (LE) was recorded for a CHI‒AgNPs3 conjugate. Gram+ and Gram- bacterial isolates, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, were used to test the antibacterial activities of newly developed CHI‒AgNPs conjugates. In comparison to the control sample with bacterial cell count 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL, a notable reduction in the log values was recorded for the CHI‒AgNPs3 conjugate. The antibiofilm potential of CHI‒AgNPs conjugates was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the CHI‒AgNPs3 conjugate also showed substantial cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line. In summary, the newly engineered CHI‒AgNPs conjugates with antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer potentialities are potential candidate materials for biomedical applications.

ACS Style

Muhammad Bilal; Yuping Zhao; Tahir Rasheed; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Sherif T.S. Hassan; Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Biogenic Nanoparticle‒Chitosan Conjugates with Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Potentialities: Development and Characterization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 598 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Bilal, Yuping Zhao, Tahir Rasheed, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Sherif T.S. Hassan, Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Biogenic Nanoparticle‒Chitosan Conjugates with Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Potentialities: Development and Characterization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (4):598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Bilal; Yuping Zhao; Tahir Rasheed; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Sherif T.S. Hassan; Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2019. "Biogenic Nanoparticle‒Chitosan Conjugates with Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Potentialities: Development and Characterization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 598.

Review article
Published: 04 January 2019 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery drives different cellular processes such as endosomal sorting, organelle biogenesis, vesicular trafficking, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, membrane fission during cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding. The normal cycle of assembly and disassembly of some ESCRT complexes at the membrane requires the AAA-ATPase vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4p). A number of ESCRT proteins are hijacked by clinically significant enveloped viruses including Ebola, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to enable enveloped virus budding and Vps4p provides energy for the disassembly/recycling of these ESCRT proteins. Several years ago, the failure of the terminal budding process of HIV following Vps4 protein inhibition was published; although at that time a detailed understanding of the molecular players was missing. However, later it was acknowledged that the ESCRT machinery has a role in enveloped virus budding from cells due to its role in the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway. The MVB sorting pathway facilitates several cellular activities in uninfected cells, such as the down-regulation of signaling through cell surface receptors as well as the process of viral budding from infected host cells. In this review, we focus on summarising the functional organisation of ESCRT proteins at the membrane and the role of ESCRT machinery and Vps4p during MVB sorting and enveloped viral budding.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; Alan L. Munn. The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 127, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Zain Akram, Hafiz Iqbal, Alan L. Munn. The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 127 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; Alan L. Munn. 2019. "The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 127, no. : 1-11.

Review
Published: 22 October 2018 in Micromachines
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In recent years, ever-increasing scientific knowledge and modern high-tech advancements in micro- and nano-scales fabrication technologies have impacted significantly on various scientific fields. A micro-level approach so-called “microfluidic technology” has rapidly evolved as a powerful tool for numerous applications with special reference to bioengineering and biomedical engineering research. Therefore, a transformative effect has been felt, for instance, in biological sample handling, analyte sensing cell-based assay, tissue engineering, molecular diagnostics, and drug screening, etc. Besides such huge multi-functional potentialities, microfluidic technology also offers the opportunity to mimic different organs to address the complexity of animal-based testing models effectively. The combination of fluid physics along with three-dimensional (3-D) cell compartmentalization has sustained popularity as organ-on-a-chip. In this context, simple humanoid model systems which are important for a wide range of research fields rely on the development of a microfluidic system. The basic idea is to provide an artificial testing subject that resembles the human body in every aspect. For instance, drug testing in the pharma industry is crucial to assure proper function. Development of microfluidic-based technology bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo models offering new approaches to research in medicine, biology, and pharmacology, among others. This is also because microfluidic-based 3-D niche has enormous potential to accommodate cells/tissues to create a physiologically relevant environment, thus, bridge/fill in the gap between extensively studied animal models and human-based clinical trials. This review highlights principles, fabrication techniques, and recent progress of organs-on-chip research. Herein, we also point out some opportunities for microfluidic technology in the future research which is still infancy to accurately design, address and mimic the in vivo niche.

ACS Style

Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández; Angel M. Villalba-Rodríguez; Kenya D. Romero-Castillo; Mauricio A. Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías; Isaac E. García-Reyes; Arturo Hernández-Antonio; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Ashutosh Sharma; Roberto Parra-Saldívar; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Organs-on-a-Chip Module: A Review from the Development and Applications Perspective. Micromachines 2018, 9, 536 .

AMA Style

Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Angel M. Villalba-Rodríguez, Kenya D. Romero-Castillo, Mauricio A. Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías, Isaac E. García-Reyes, Arturo Hernández-Antonio, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ashutosh Sharma, Roberto Parra-Saldívar, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Organs-on-a-Chip Module: A Review from the Development and Applications Perspective. Micromachines. 2018; 9 (10):536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández; Angel M. Villalba-Rodríguez; Kenya D. Romero-Castillo; Mauricio A. Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías; Isaac E. García-Reyes; Arturo Hernández-Antonio; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Ashutosh Sharma; Roberto Parra-Saldívar; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2018. "Organs-on-a-Chip Module: A Review from the Development and Applications Perspective." Micromachines 9, no. 10: 536.

Review
Published: 15 October 2018 in Chemosensors
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A micro-level technique so-called “microfluidic technology or simply microfluidic” has gained a special place as a powerful tool in bioengineering and biomedical engineering research due to its core advantages in modern science and engineering. Microfluidic technology has played a substantial role in numerous applications with special reference to bioscience, biomedical and biotechnological research. It has facilitated noteworthy development in various sectors of bio-research and upsurges the efficacy of research at the molecular level, in recent years. Microfluidic technology can manipulate sample volumes with precise control outside cellular microenvironment, at micro-level. Thus, enable the reduction of discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro environments and reduce the overall reaction time and cost. In this review, we discuss various integrations of microfluidic technologies into biotechnology and its paradigmatic significance in bio-research, supporting mechanical and chemical in vitro cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, specific innovations related to the application of microfluidics to advance microbial life, solitary and co-cultures along with a multiple-type cell culturing, cellular communications, cellular interactions, and population dynamics are also discussed.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Mohammed Hussen Bule; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Advancements and Potential Applications of Microfluidic Approaches—A Review. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 46 .

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Zain Akram, Mohammed Hussen Bule, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Advancements and Potential Applications of Microfluidic Approaches—A Review. Chemosensors. 2018; 6 (4):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Mohammed Hussen Bule; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2018. "Advancements and Potential Applications of Microfluidic Approaches—A Review." Chemosensors 6, no. 4: 46.

Review
Published: 15 August 2018
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Micro-technology has played a substantial role in bioscience, biomedical and biotechnological research due to its core advantages in modern science and engineering. It has created unique development in various sectors of bio-research and upsurges the efficacy of research at the molecular level in recent years. Microfluidic technology makes it possible to manipulate sample volumes at the micro- and nano-level (called nanofluidics) with terrific control outside in vivo cellular microenvironment, enabling the reduction of discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro environments as well as reducing reaction time and cost. In this review, we discuss various effective integrations of microfluidic technologies into biotechnology and its paradigmatic significance in bio-research, supporting mechanical and chemical in vitro cellular micro-environment. Specific innovations relating to the application of microfluidics to advance microbial life, solitary and co-cultures along with a multiple-type cell culturing, cellular communications, cellular interactions and population dynamics are discussed.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Mohammed Hussen Bule; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Microfluidic Advancements in Classical Biotechnology – A Review. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Zain Akram, Mohammed Hussen Bule, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Microfluidic Advancements in Classical Biotechnology – A Review. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Mohammed Hussen Bule; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2018. "Microfluidic Advancements in Classical Biotechnology – A Review." , no. : 1.

Research paper
Published: 04 July 2018 in Prion
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One of the major medical challenges of the twenty-first century is the treatment of incurable and fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded prion proteins. Since the discovery of these diseases a number of studies have been conducted to identify small molecules for their treatment, however to date no curative treatment is available. These studies can be highly expensive and time consuming, but more recent experimental approaches indicate a significant application for yeast prions in these studies. We therefore used yeast prions to optimize previous high-throughput methods for the cheaper, easier and more rapid screening of natural extracts. Through this approach we aimed to identify natural yeast-prion inhibitors that could be useful in the development of novel treatment strategies for neurodegenerative disorders. We screened 500 marine invertebrate extracts from temperate waters in Australia allowing the identification of yeast-prion inhibiting extracts. Through the bioassay-driven chemical investigation of an active Suberites sponge extract, a group of bromotyrosine derivatives were identified as potent yeast-prion inhibitors. This study outlines the importance of natural products and yeast prions as a first-stage screen for the identification of new chemically diverse and bioactive compounds.

ACS Style

Laurence K. Jennings; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Alan L. Munn; Anthony R. Carroll. Yeast-based screening of natural product extracts results in the identification of prion inhibitors from a marine sponge. Prion 2018, 12, 234 -244.

AMA Style

Laurence K. Jennings, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Alan L. Munn, Anthony R. Carroll. Yeast-based screening of natural product extracts results in the identification of prion inhibitors from a marine sponge. Prion. 2018; 12 (3-4):234-244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurence K. Jennings; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Alan L. Munn; Anthony R. Carroll. 2018. "Yeast-based screening of natural product extracts results in the identification of prion inhibitors from a marine sponge." Prion 12, no. 3-4: 234-244.

Review
Published: 08 May 2018 in Current Drug Metabolism
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Constant exposure to various stressors, such as immune pressure, rapidly increasing population, deleterious changes in the ecosystem, climate change, infection with emerging and re-emerging pathogens, and fast-paced lifestyle, is a critical factor in the globally increasing incidences of immunocompromising health conditions, as well as stress. Synthetic chemotherapeutic agents, which are widely available in the commercial market, may be highly efficacious, but most are immunosuppressive and exert many side effects. Undoubtedly, the pivotal characteristics of immunostimulants and immunomodulators in the maintenance of the health and productivity of humans, as well as animals, cannot be overlooked. Numerous herbs used in ethnoveterinary medicine can be successfully employed as adjuvant rehabilitators to negate the deleterious effects of chemotherapeutics. The sources of these medicinal remedies are part of long traditions in different regions of the world, such as Indian Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, which have been developed through empirical experience. Traditional medicine employs a holistic approach to the prevention of disease and traditional herbal medicines are a source of many components with the high therapeutic value that is used in modern allopathic medicine. Globally, many studies have been conducted on these herbs and have revealed unique active constituents that activate the innate immune system through the stimulation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and modulation of the cytokine profile, which leads to a state of alertness with a subsequent reduction in the incidence of infection. Immunomodulatory constituents with herbal origins are termed as phytochemicals, including flavonoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids, essential oils, various bitters, and alkaloids; all these compounds exert vital, multidimensional effects. Efforts have focused on screening plant preparations to identify immune adjuvant properties; furthermore, several potent phytol adjuvants have been experimentally proven to downregulate inflammatory reactions in addition to enhance specific adaptive responses to vaccines. In this review, we discuss the current status and potential utility of herbs and plants as immunomodulators in safeguarding the health of humans, animals, and poultry.

ACS Style

Ruchi Tiwari; Shyma K. Latheef; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz Iqbal; Mohammed Bule; Kuldeep Dhama; Hari Abdul Samad; Kumaragurubaran Karthik; Mahmoud Alagawany; Mohamed Abd El-Hack; Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo; Mayada Ragab Farag. Herbal Immunomodulators - A Remedial Panacea for Designing and Developing Effective Drugs and Medicines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Current Drug Metabolism 2018, 19, 264 -301.

AMA Style

Ruchi Tiwari, Shyma K. Latheef, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Hafiz Iqbal, Mohammed Bule, Kuldeep Dhama, Hari Abdul Samad, Kumaragurubaran Karthik, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mohamed Abd El-Hack, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Mayada Ragab Farag. Herbal Immunomodulators - A Remedial Panacea for Designing and Developing Effective Drugs and Medicines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Current Drug Metabolism. 2018; 19 (3):264-301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruchi Tiwari; Shyma K. Latheef; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz Iqbal; Mohammed Bule; Kuldeep Dhama; Hari Abdul Samad; Kumaragurubaran Karthik; Mahmoud Alagawany; Mohamed Abd El-Hack; Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo; Mayada Ragab Farag. 2018. "Herbal Immunomodulators - A Remedial Panacea for Designing and Developing Effective Drugs and Medicines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects." Current Drug Metabolism 19, no. 3: 264-301.

Review
Published: 05 January 2018 in Current Drug Metabolism
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A number of disease conditions require controlled or sustained drug release to achieve complete recovery. In recent years, there has been a considerable research interest in bio-inspired biomaterials due to their potential as an alternative to the in-use traditional synthetic counterparts. Research is underway worldwide on the development of 'greener' technologies with an aim to engineer novel drug delivery systems (DDS). Bio-based constructs are being engineered for target applications in different bio- and non-bio sectors of the modern world and to address growing concerns about a global dependence on non-renewable petroleum-based resources. Therefore, in recent years, bio-inspired biomaterials have gained a considerable attention with high-value biomedical and pharmaceutical potentials. Moreover, owing to their novel characteristics like non-toxicity, biocompatibility, together with the adjustable thermo-mechanical and controllable properties, collagen, poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and chitosan-based novel constructs have raised interesting applications in many sectors of the medical world. So far, many of such bio-constructs have been implicated in DDS, tissue repair, nutritional and therapeutic uses. In this subject matter review, we included an overview of different bio-based novel materials (collagen, PLA, and chitosan), their valorization for DDS, summary on various geometries (microspheres, composites, and nano-films) and information on their future perspectives.

ACS Style

Angel M. Villalba-Rodriguez; Roberto Parra; Ishtiaq Ahmed; K. Karthik; Yashpal S. Malik; Kuldeep Dhama; Hafiz Iqbal. Bio-inspired Biomaterials and their Drug Delivery Perspectives - A Review. Current Drug Metabolism 2018, 18, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Angel M. Villalba-Rodriguez, Roberto Parra, Ishtiaq Ahmed, K. Karthik, Yashpal S. Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Hafiz Iqbal. Bio-inspired Biomaterials and their Drug Delivery Perspectives - A Review. Current Drug Metabolism. 2018; 18 (10):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angel M. Villalba-Rodriguez; Roberto Parra; Ishtiaq Ahmed; K. Karthik; Yashpal S. Malik; Kuldeep Dhama; Hafiz Iqbal. 2018. "Bio-inspired Biomaterials and their Drug Delivery Perspectives - A Review." Current Drug Metabolism 18, no. 10: 1-1.

Review
Published: 01 January 2018 in Frontiers in Bioscience
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Microalgae are one of the oldest microorganisms, that grow in various hostile environments, ranging from deserts to Antarctica. The microalgae sustain life in such harsh environments through generation of secondary metabolites. Microalgae biosynthesize a large number of diverse bioactive metabolites with activities on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Here, we highlight the bioactive compounds that are isolated from microalgae for the purpose of using them as food, and as chemicals in pharmaceutical industry as new agents with therapeutic benefits.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed. Microalgae as a source of high-value bioactive compounds. Frontiers in Bioscience 2018, 10, 197 -216.

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed. Microalgae as a source of high-value bioactive compounds. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2018; 10 (1):197-216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed. 2018. "Microalgae as a source of high-value bioactive compounds." Frontiers in Bioscience 10, no. 1: 197-216.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2017 in International Journal of Pharmacology
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Malaria causes over a million deaths each year (2 percent of the global total of deaths), with hundreds of millions of clinical episodes per annum. The greatest challenge to malaria control and eradication is the emergence of malaria parasites that are resistant to antimalarial drugs. The development of resistance to conventionally used anti-malarial drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ) and Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) has been documented. To counter this WHO recommended that artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) should be used for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria to ensure efficacy and reduce the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. Currently available antimalarial drugs are ineffective and their number is declining because of the widespread resistance. Thus, the new antimalarial agent is in urgent demand; however, the development of new antimalarial drug presents challenges due to resistance, toxicity, minimal efficacy of those on the pipeline and high cost of drug research. Identification of novel drug targets and design of new chemical compounds acting on new targets is important to control the emergence of resistance to existing drugs. In this regard, a natural product derived synthetic analogs of febrifugine containing quinazolinone scaffold can be considered best. Therefore, quinazolinones are potential compounds in seeking for novel drugs that act against the malarial pathogen. Hence, in this review compounds containing quinazolinone structure and possessing antimalarial activities are covered.Full Tex

ACS Style

Mohammed Bule; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Faheem Maqbool; Muhammad Anjum Zia. Quinazolinone Derivatives as a Potential Class of Compounds in Malaria Drug Discovery. International Journal of Pharmacology 2017, 13, 818 -831.

AMA Style

Mohammed Bule, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Faheem Maqbool, Muhammad Anjum Zia. Quinazolinone Derivatives as a Potential Class of Compounds in Malaria Drug Discovery. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 13 (7):818-831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Bule; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Faheem Maqbool; Muhammad Anjum Zia. 2017. "Quinazolinone Derivatives as a Potential Class of Compounds in Malaria Drug Discovery." International Journal of Pharmacology 13, no. 7: 818-831.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2017 in International Journal of Pharmacology
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From decades’ tuberculosis (TB) affecting individual and a huge number of people die every year. It causes ill-health among millions of individuals each year and ranks as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide. The number of TB deaths has been unacceptably increased to a large extent and most cases are preventable if people get in time access to health care for a diagnosis and the right treatment. Multi-drug resistance is the fact that in TB patients are growing rapidly and difficult to treat. Treatment of MDR-TB is more complicated and longer than treatment of TB with no resistance. With advancements in the therapy of TB, now ideal treatments have been developed and many combination therapies are well recommended for MDR. The development of MDR-TB can be caused by a treatment that is inadequate, given the drug susceptibility pattern of the MTB strain. Few cohort studies provided information on treatment regimens and drug resistance profiles before treatment and at failure or recurrence or genotyping information at failure or recurrence. To monitor the development of acquired drug resistance, we suggest that given sufficient resources are available, TB treatment cohort studies or surveillance systems measure both the drug resistance profile and genotype information before starting treatment and at failure or recurrence. The emergence of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, the need for new TB drug regimens and rapid DST is intuiting globally. In future, more research with a focus on MDR and TB is required to avoid and counteract its associated complications.Full Tex

ACS Style

Mohammed Bule; Faheem Maqbool; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Kuldeep Dhama; Hafiz Iqbal. Advances in the Treatment Options Towards Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. International Journal of Pharmacology 2017, 13, 746 -761.

AMA Style

Mohammed Bule, Faheem Maqbool, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Kuldeep Dhama, Hafiz Iqbal. Advances in the Treatment Options Towards Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 13 (7):746-761.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Bule; Faheem Maqbool; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Kuldeep Dhama; Hafiz Iqbal. 2017. "Advances in the Treatment Options Towards Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis." International Journal of Pharmacology 13, no. 7: 746-761.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2017 in International Journal of Pharmacology
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Drug discovery in different time frames provides a reflection in the struggle of scientists to generate synthetic products from a natural source. The complex processes exist in the development of the new drug from novel ideas. The duration may vary 10-15 year with estimation cost of $1.5 billion. The stratification of different assays involved in development phase leads to the acceptability of drug molecule. In the discovery phase, implementation of powerful techniques such as combinatorial chemistry and molecular modeling has also participated in the identification of drug target molecules. The advancement in molecular biology especially genomic science has also imparted a profound role in the discovery phase. However, with bioinformatics branch, it allows us to derive more suitable points for attacking the drug molecule in different disease conditions. However, the review will describe the preclinical stages, identification and validation of target through HTS (high throughput screening assay) and finally approval of drug molecule for further clinical development.Full Tex

ACS Style

Faheem Maqbool; Amman Abid; Ishtiaq Ahmed. Drug Discovery Processes to Drug Targeting Mechanisms. International Journal of Pharmacology 2017, 13, 773 -784.

AMA Style

Faheem Maqbool, Amman Abid, Ishtiaq Ahmed. Drug Discovery Processes to Drug Targeting Mechanisms. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 13 (7):773-784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Faheem Maqbool; Amman Abid; Ishtiaq Ahmed. 2017. "Drug Discovery Processes to Drug Targeting Mechanisms." International Journal of Pharmacology 13, no. 7: 773-784.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2017 in Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Kuldeep Dhama. Enzyme-Based Biodegradation of Hazardous Pollutants – An Overview. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 2017, 5, 402 -411.

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Kuldeep Dhama. Enzyme-Based Biodegradation of Hazardous Pollutants – An Overview. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 2017; 5 (4):402-411.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Kuldeep Dhama. 2017. "Enzyme-Based Biodegradation of Hazardous Pollutants – An Overview." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 4: 402-411.

Review article biological sciences
Published: 21 June 2017 in Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
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In recent years, microfluidics engineering has gained increasing research interests in assimilation and designing novel constructs for various applications in bio- and non-bio sectors of the modern world. Soft and photolithographic fabricated devices have a potential to control the diffusion and flow of liquids in channels. The fabricated microfluidic devices of unique geometry facilitate excellent control over extracellular microenvironment and soluble factor interactions. The current devices do not only replace the in vitro approaches but also provide a new understanding of biomolecules separation and flow in the network of microchannels. The appropriate physiological responses of cells in biological studies or drug screening analysis require engineering of active cells outside the body to enhance their maximum potential for best cellular therapy. This review work mainly focuses on the current methodologies involved in the fabrication process and limitations of cell array technology. The information is given on considerable advantages of microfluidic devices. Toward the end, potential applications covering microfluidic-based in vitro drug analysis and analytical-based separation/detachment are discussed with potential future viewpoints.

ACS Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Zain Akram. Microfluidics Engineering: Recent Trends, Valorization, and Applications. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2017, 43, 1 .

AMA Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Zain Akram. Microfluidics Engineering: Recent Trends, Valorization, and Applications. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2017; 43 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Zain Akram. 2017. "Microfluidics Engineering: Recent Trends, Valorization, and Applications." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 43, no. 1: 1.