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Arslan Afzal
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 44000, Pakistan

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Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
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Solar distillation system has recently been explored and used for the extraction of essential oil from different agricultural herbs. The efficiency of conventional distillation systems is low, and most are driven by hot gases. On the other hand, the solar-driven distillation system has higher efficiency and is based on renewable energy. The modified solar distillation system comprises a Scheffler reflector “concentrator,” newly design steam receiver, distillation still, steam condenser, florentine flask, and biomass-based boiler. A perforated circular pan added at the still bottom and pattern of steam flow and temperature distribution was examined using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The CFD simulation results showed that homogeneity in the steam distribution in the distillation still is required to get maximum essential oil extraction efficiency. The energy dissemination at different parts of the newly design solar distillation system was estimated using mathematical modeling. The results of different experiments showed that the yield of essential oils from fresh Rosemary and Cumin was 0.17% w/w and 1.11% w/w, respectively. The efficiency of the modified solar distillation system with a perforated pan and steam receiver was found to be 8% higher than the previous system.

ACS Style

Arslan Afzal; Anjum Munir; Waseem Amjad; Jorge L. Alvarado; Muhammad Umair; Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Naveed Anjum. Use of Perforation and Mathematical Modeling to Increase Solar-Based Steam Distillation System Efficiency. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 2021, 143, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Arslan Afzal, Anjum Munir, Waseem Amjad, Jorge L. Alvarado, Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Naveed Anjum. Use of Perforation and Mathematical Modeling to Increase Solar-Based Steam Distillation System Efficiency. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 2021; 143 (6):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arslan Afzal; Anjum Munir; Waseem Amjad; Jorge L. Alvarado; Muhammad Umair; Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Naveed Anjum. 2021. "Use of Perforation and Mathematical Modeling to Increase Solar-Based Steam Distillation System Efficiency." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 143, no. 6: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The energy crisis and increasing fossil fuel prices due to increasing demands, controlled supplies, and global political unrest have adversely affected agricultural productivity and farm profitability across the globe and Pakistan is not an exception. To cope with this issue of energy deficiency in agriculture, the best alternate strategy is to take advantage of biomass and solid waste potential. In low-income countries such as Pakistan, the greenhouse heating system mostly relies on fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and LPG. Farmers are reluctant to adopt greenhouse farming due to the continuously rising prices of the fossil fuels. To reduce reliance on fossil fuel energy, the objective of this study was to utilize biomass from crop residues to develop an efficient and economical biomass furnace that could heat greenhouses to protect the crop from seasonal temperature effects. Modifications made to the biomass furnace, such as the incorporation of insulation around the walls of the furnace, providing turbulators in fire tubes, and a secondary heat exchanger (heat recovery system) in the chimney, have increased the thermal efficiency of the biomass furnace by about 21.7%. A drastic reduction in hazardous elements of flue gases was observed due to the addition of a water scrubber smoke filter in the exit line of the flue. The efficiency of the biomass furnace ranged from 50.42% to 54.18%, whereas the heating efficiency of the diesel-fired heater was 71.19%. On the basis of the equal heating value of the fuels, the unit material and operating costs of the biomass furnace for wood, cotton stalks, corn cobs, and cow dung were USD 2.04, 1.86, 1.78, and 2.00 respectively against USD 4.67/h for the diesel heater. The capital and operating costs of the biomass furnace were about 50% and 43.7% of the diesel heater respectively, resulting in a seasonal saving of about 1573 USD. The produced smoke was tested as environmental friendly under the prescribed limits of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), which shows potential for its large-scale adoption and wider applications.

ACS Style

Asif Ali; Tahir Iqbal; Muhammad Cheema; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Yasin; Zia Haq; Arshad Malik; Khalid Khan. Development of a Low-Cost Biomass Furnace for Greenhouse Heating. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5152 .

AMA Style

Asif Ali, Tahir Iqbal, Muhammad Cheema, Arslan Afzal, Muhammad Yasin, Zia Haq, Arshad Malik, Khalid Khan. Development of a Low-Cost Biomass Furnace for Greenhouse Heating. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asif Ali; Tahir Iqbal; Muhammad Cheema; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Yasin; Zia Haq; Arshad Malik; Khalid Khan. 2021. "Development of a Low-Cost Biomass Furnace for Greenhouse Heating." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5152.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in Remote Sensing
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In this study, the performances of four satellite-based precipitation products (IMERG-V06 Final-Run, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2Rain-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR) were assessed with reference to the measurements of in-situ gauges at daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual scales from 2010 to 2017, over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan. The products were evaluated over the entire domain and at point-to-pixel scales. Different evaluation indices (Correlation Coefficient (CC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Bias, and relative Bias (rBias)) and categorical indices (False Alarm Ration (FAR), Critical Success Index (CSI), Success Ratio (SR), and Probability of Detection (POD)) were used to assess the performances of the products considered in this study. Our results indicated the following. (1) IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN capably tracked the spatio-temporal variation of precipitation over the studied region. (2) All satellite-based products were in better agreement with the reference data on the monthly scales than on daily time scales. (3) On seasonal scale, the precipitation detection skills of IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN-CDR were better than those of SM2Rain-ASCAT and TRMM-3B42V7. In all seasons, overall performance of IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN-CDR was better than TRMM-3B42V7 and SM2Rain-ASCAT. (4) However, all products were uncertain in detecting light and moderate precipitation events. Consequently, we recommend the use of IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN-CDR products for subsequent hydro-meteorological studies in the Hindu Kush range.

ACS Style

Ali Hamza; Muhammad Anjum; Muhammad Masud Cheema; Xi Chen; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Kamran Shafi; Aminjon Gulakhmadov. Assessment of IMERG-V06, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR Precipitation Products over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan, South Asia. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3871 .

AMA Style

Ali Hamza, Muhammad Anjum, Muhammad Masud Cheema, Xi Chen, Arslan Afzal, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Kamran Shafi, Aminjon Gulakhmadov. Assessment of IMERG-V06, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR Precipitation Products over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan, South Asia. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (23):3871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Hamza; Muhammad Anjum; Muhammad Masud Cheema; Xi Chen; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Kamran Shafi; Aminjon Gulakhmadov. 2020. "Assessment of IMERG-V06, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR Precipitation Products over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan, South Asia." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23: 3871.