This study reports a facile and eco-friendly method for the green synthesis of platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt NPs and Pd NPs) using Peganum harmala seed alkaloid fraction. The ζ-potential of the synthesized Pt NPs, Pd NPs and Pt–Pd NPs were −11.2 ± 0.5, −9.7 ±1.2, and −12.7 ± 2.1 mV; respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with smooth margins. The mean diameters of the synthesized Pt NPs, Pd NPs, and Pt–Pd NPs were determined using TEM analysis and were found to be 20.3 ± 1.9, 22.5 ± 5.7, and 33.5 ± 5.4 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles’ bioreduction was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their organic contents were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The Pt–Pd NPs mixture showed more pronounced antioxidant activity of 843.0 ± 60 μM Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg NPs compared to the individual Pt NPs (277.3 ± 13.5 μM TE/mg NPs) and Pd NPs (167.6 ± 4.8 μM TE/mg NPs). Furthermore, the Pt–Pd NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against lung cancer (A549) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells, IC₅₀ of 8.8 and 3.6 µg/mL, respectively; as compared to Pt NPs (IC₅₀ of 10.9 and 6.7 µg/mL, respectively) and Pd NPs (IC₅₀ of 31 and 10.8 µg/mL, respectively and compared to carboplatin (IC₅₀ of 23 and 9.5 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, molecular docking studies were conducted to explore the possible anticancer and antioxidant mechanisms of the biogenic nanoparticles. Pt NPs, Pd NPs, and their mixture showed inhibitory activity against cysteine proteinase, which supports their high antitumor activity, but moderate antioxidant activity. In conclusion, Pd-Pt NPs mixture prepared using harmala seed alkaloid fraction showed potential as effective antineoplastic agents.

MRNA vaccines have amassed a strong interest from scientists and nonscientists alike for their potential in treating cancer and curbing the spread of infectious diseases. Their success has been bolstered by the COVID-19 pandemic as mRNA vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed unrivaled efficiency and success. The strategy relies on the delivery of an RNA transcript that carries the sequence of an antigenic molecule into the body’s cells where the antigen is manufactured. The lack of use of infectious pathogens and the fact that they are made of nucleic acids render these vaccines a favorable alternative to other vaccination modalities. However, mRNA vaccination still suffers from a great deal of hurdles starting from their safety, cellular delivery, uptake and response to their manufacturing, logistics and storage. In this review, we examine the premise of RNA vaccination starting from their conceptualization to their clinical applications. We also thoroughly discuss the advances in the field of RNA vaccination for infectious diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges impeding their progress and shed light on potential areas of research in the field.

Background: Measles and rubella remain major public health concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), despite regional elimination goals. In 2023, the region experienced an increase in measles outbreaks. This study assessed outbreak detection and response challenges in either case definition or data analysis, in addition to gaps in laboratory and genotyping data integration to improve preparedness and response. Method: A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted using official World Health Organization (WHO) data on measles and rubella (MR) in EMR countries, from 1 January to 31 December 2023. Routine MR surveillance line list, genotyping data and supplemental immunization activity (SIA) reported by countries were used. Results: In 2023, 1206 suspected measles outbreaks were reported in 13 countries; 942 (78%) were confirmed. Rubella accounted for 158 confirmed outbreaks. Children under 5 years old comprised 76% of cases, with 62% zero dose. Timely detection was achieved in only 46% of outbreaks, with wide national variation. Genotype B3 predominated, but missing genotyping data limited verification. Six immunization campaigns occurred; however, outbreaks persisted due to high zero dose, limited targeting, and delayed responses. Conclusions: Persistent immunity gaps, under detection, inconsistent genotyping, and delayed response hindered MR control in EMR. Strengthening surveillance, integrating epidemiological and molecular data, expanding targeted supplementary immunization activities, and ensuring timely response are essential tasks. Standardized outbreak definitions, capacity building, and regular subnational analyses remain critical to regional elimination goals.