Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology enabling to use fossil fuels in a sustainable way. Therefore, it attracts much attention from the industrial sector, government authorities and scientific community. However, public awareness of the technology is extremely low, and the studies of the lay people's opinion have been launched only during the last decade. Taking into account the role of public support during the implementation of CCS projects, the authors would like to present herein their review of materials on this subject published during 2002-2018 (135 articles). As part of our review, we determined 9 key aspects forming the public perception of CCS. For each of the key aspects, we summarized the available results of the studies. Apart from that, we compared the CCS current status in different countries and provided a number of reasons for involving new countries into the fight against global warming. This work shows that most attention is devoted to CO2 storage; whereas its capture and transportation are poorly studied in terms of public perception. Wider development is required for the methodology enabling a transition from global rhetoric concerning global warming issues to the implementation of particular projects, namely, CCS. The issues related to public awareness of CCS are studied rather thoroughly, but no recommendations are provided regarding the establishment of an optimal database for the lay people. Numerous assessments of general public perception have been carried out. However little attention was paid to the regions with active projects, namely, to the factors considered the most important by the local public, and how actual project results meet their expectations. Therefore, despite an extensive scientific base developed over 17 years, further studies should be aimed at filling the existing gaps. This will enable to improve CCS attractiveness for the public, including the cases when it is compared with alternative low-carbon technologies.

Despite the diversity of studies on global warming and climate change mitigation technologies, research on the changing role of CO₂ in the industrial processes, which is connected with the introduction of circular economy principles, is still out of scope. The purpose of this review is to answer the following question: Is technogenic CO₂ still an industrial waste or has it become a valuable resource? For this purpose, statistical information from the National Energy Technology Library and the Global CCS Institute databases were reviewed. All sequestration projects (199) were divided into three groups: carbon capture and storage (65); carbon capture, utilization, and storage (100); and carbon capture and utilization (34). It was found that: (1) total annual CO₂ consumption of such projects was 50.1 Mtpa in 2018, with a possible increase to 326.7 Mtpa in the coming decade; (2) total amount of CO₂ sequestered in such projects could be 2209 Mt in 2028; (3) the risk of such projects being cancelled or postponed is around 31.8%; (4) CO₂ is a valuable and sought-after resource for various industries. It was concluded that further development of carbon capture and utilization technologies will invariably lead to a change in attitudes towards CO₂, as well as the appearance of new CO₂-based markets and industries.

The paper assesses the techno-economic potential of Russia to implement carbon capture and storage technologies that imply the capture of anthropogenic CO₂ and its injection into geologic reservoirs for long-term storage. The focus is on CO₂ enhanced oil recovery projects that seem to be the most economically promising option of carbon capture and storage. The novelty of the work lies in the formulation of a potential assessment method of CO₂ enhanced oil recovery, which allows for establishing a connection between energy production and oil extraction from the viewpoint of CO₂ supply and demand. Using linear optimization, the most promising combinations of CO₂ sources and sinks are identified and an economic evaluation of these projects is carried out. Based on this information, regions of Russia are ranked according to their prospects in regards to CO₂ capture and enhanced oil recovery storage. The results indicate that Russia has a significant potential to utilize its power plants as CO₂ sources for enhanced oil recovery projects. It has been estimated that 71 coal-fired power plants, and 185 of the gas-fired power plants of Russia annually produce 297.1 and 309.6 Mt of CO₂ that can cover 553.4 Mt of the demand of 322 Russian oil fields. At the same time, the total CO₂ storage capacity of the Russian fields is estimated at 7382.6 Mt, however, due to geological and technical factors, only 22.6% can be used for CO₂-EOR projects. Of the 183 potential projects identified in the regional analysis phase, 99 were found to be cost-effective, with an average unit cost of € 19.07 per ton of CO₂ and a payback period of 8.71 years. The most promising of the estimated regions is characterized by a well-developed energy industry, relatively low transportation costs, numerous large and medium-sized oil fields at the final stages of development, and favorable geological conditions that minimize the cost of injection. Geographically, they are located in the North-Western, Volga, and Ural Federal districts.

Одним из масштабных вызовов современного мира является проблема глобального потепления, решение которой требует реализации комплекса стратегических проектов в сфере перехода энергетического сектора на путь экологосбалансированного развития. Одним из способов реализации этого перехода является развитие технологий захвата и захоронения техногенного диоксида углерода, который признан основным из парниковых газов. При этом наиболее целесообразной в российских условиях является реализация нацеленных на повышение нефтеотдачи месторождений технологических цепочек захвата и захоронения CO₂, эффективность которых доказана мировой практикой. Реализация этих проектов требует консолидация усилий множества сторон, включая органы государственной власти, предприятия-эмитенты (энергогенерирующие объекты и энергоемкая промышленность), нефтедобывающие предприятия, негосударственные природоохранные организации, средства массовой информации и общественность. Мировая практика насчитывает множество примеров, когда несогласованные действия одного из стейкхолдеров приводили к закрытию подобного проекта, в связи с чем необходимой представляется разработка механизма взаимодействия между ними с учетом специфики российских условий. Одним из наименее изученных и неоднозначных аспектов этого взаимодействия является вовлечение общественности в реализацию национальных программ снижения углеродоемкости и местного населения при реализации конкретного проекта. Исследования в этой области ведутся в мире на протяжении последних 14 лет, что позволило использовать в рамках проведенного исследования сложившуюся научную базу для разработки фундаментальных принципов развития и популяризации технологий захвата и захоронения CO₂ в России. Также были проанализированы и систематизированы ключевые факторы, оказывающие воздействие на восприятие подобных проектов общественностью. В ходе исследования были определены основные аргументы за и против развития технологий захвата и захоронения CO₂. Проведенный анализ позволил сформулировать ключевые принципы, которые должны быть учтены при разработке стратегии развития этих технологий на территории России.

The current favorable natural conditions (melting of the Arctic ice) and the advance of innovative technologies used for extraction and transportation of unique natural resources are reasons for the growing economic interest of the international community in the Arctic region. Intensified economic activity leads to increased anthropogenic pressure on the highly vulnerable Arctic environment. Because of this, a study of conservation and restoration of the Arctic ecosystem is of utmost importance. Increased extraction of resources in the Arctic involves developing the transport system, including sea freight. We have found out that increased interest of the global community in the development of the Arctic led to an increase in the number of countries willing to influence the economic activity in the Arctic, including organizing sea freight. The growing number of participants with their expanding range of competing interests hinders the search for coordinated solutions. So far, the unique legal status of the Arctic has not been established at the international level. The paper confirms that the national legislation of Russia does not offer the full opportunities for forming a system of environmental monitoring either, and, therefore, it does not allow to carry out a full economic assessment of the costs of restoring the Arctic ecosystem. We have proposed the key directions for reorganizing the environmental monitoring system, based on recognition of the unique status of the Arctic; these directions can form the future basis for the assessment procedure concerning marginal social costs and benefits of developing the Arctic spaces and making decisions on the scale and trends of its development.

Background/Objectives: This article is devoted to the analysis of the World Trade Organization export restriction rules in the field on Metals World Markets. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study is based on the results of the legal analysis of the World Trade Organization rules in the field of export restrictions the change of which is complicated by many factors in current political and macroeconomic situation. The economic analysis of the export restrictions influence on the world economies was performed based on the governmental statistical data. Moreover, this analysis revealed the effect exerted by these restrictions on producers and consumers of the metal. Findings: There is an increasing trend in international trade to regulate export and import flows by implementing export restrictions. This tendency affects significantly trade in metals. Several factors - unequal geographic distribution and indispensability of certain metals in production processes - make significant effect from restrictive export policies in metals sector. Despite many attempts World Trade Organization members did not agree yet to negotiate their rules in the field of restrictions policy within multilateral rounds. This policy gives an advantage to downstream consumers that are using the metal in question. To the contrary, it undermines conditions of local raw materials producers. For the world market it will clearly mean losses for metals consumers which will be slightly offset by trade gain of raw materials producers. These results were obtained by comparing the theoretical research and practical experience of countries and they add value to the existing methods of restrictions implementation evaluation. Applications/Improvements: The authors provide several suggestions for importing countries that can effectively offset negative effects from export restrictive policies on their economies