This qualitative study explores the intricate relationship between social stigma and mental health among the transgender community in Lahore, Pakistan, and Delhi, India. Through 16 in-depth interviews, the research employs thematic analysis to uncover the core themes that emerge from the personal narratives of transgender individuals in these culturally diverse yet challenging environments. The thematic analysis revealed several key themes: the pervasive impact of societal rejection, the psychological toll of discrimination, resilience in the face of adversity, and the quest for identity and acceptance. Participants' accounts vividly portray the harsh realities of living as a transgender individual in societies where deep-seated stigma is prevalent. Many described experiences of ostracization from family and community, leading to feelings of isolation and psychological distress. The stigma associated with their gender identity often resulted in discrimination in various spheres of life, including employment, healthcare, and social interactions, further exacerbating their mental health challenges. Despite these adversities, a recurring theme of resilience emerged. Participants shared coping strategies and support systems that helped them navigate these challenges. The stories highlighted not only their struggles but also their strength and determination to live authentically. This study sheds light on the urgent need for societal change and policy reform to support the mental health and well-being of the transgender community in Lahore and Delhi. The findings provide valuable insights for mental health professionals, policymakers, and advocates, emphasizing the importance of creating inclusive and supportive environments that respect and affirm transgender identities.

The transgender community existed from way back in history. There are records for their existence thousands of years ago. But they were always submerged by the society. A chance was never provided for them, which was all that was needed to prove themselves and their existence. The tortures made them escalate downwards in fear of the outer world. The hijras, with their undefined sense of self that forms their understanding of existence, their susceptibility, marginalisation and relocation, existing in the middle of a culture that does not comprehend them and barely tolerates them, are a fitting example of the existential component of precarity. This article attempted to highlight the reason behind the issues faced by transgender community in Indian society. In order to examine these issues this article analysed the character of Anjum, a transgender, in Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness.

Arundhati Rao is an acute observer of the very fabric of Indian society. He is an activist and social reformer for the marginal, downtrodden and a revolutionary spark for the 21^st century litterateurs. The Ministry of Utmost Happiness is the second novel of Booker Prize-winning author Arundhati Roy which is published in 2017 after twenty years of the publication of his debut novel The God of Small Things. The novel recounts some of the egregious events of Contemporary Indian history such as land reform, 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency as well. It illustrates the sufferings, pain and the right of the LGBT community in contemporary India. The novel also incorporates many social and political events occurred in India and other parts of the world against the backdrop of its story. The paper argues upon the political and gender issues with the reference of The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Rao.

According to many reports, abuse of women and child is the biggest human rights violation in India. In this qualitative research paper, we are going to examine the causes that lead to women issues and child abuse in India from the perspective of Arundhati Roy’s novel The God of Small Things. In present India, even after its Independence, gender-discrimination and child abuse in Indian society are at worst. In order to understand the causes and reason that creates challenges for women and danger for children in Indian society, we will study the views and experiences of Arundhati Roy as she presented in her selected novel. we will be using a qualitative research methodology to analyze and collect the relevant data using the textual analysis method. For this minor research, we will read and analyze the novel written by Arundhati Roy namely, The God of Small Things (1997). At the end of this study, we will reveal the position of these issues and causes for the women’s issues and child abuse issues. The significance of this study is to create an awareness among the readers on the importance of rights and freedom of women and children in India. This paper depicts how Indian women, as well as children, are facing problems and violence in their daily lives and how we used literature (novel) education to raise and build their personalities in order to contribute fruitfully in Indian society.

This study was conducted to examine the competencies and strategies required by Burundian nurses to implement health education in prevention of diseases, and to explore nurses’ attitudes to their role and their experiences in carrying out this role. Results will be used to develop interventions to increase nurses’ competence in promoting community-based disease prevention intervention. Descriptive and cross-sectional study. This quantitative, cross-sectional study assessed health education competencies among nurses at Ndora Hospital. From April 16–30, 2024, 40 contracted nurses (80% response rate) completed a researcher-designed questionnaire covering essential skills, engagement, improvement strategies, best practices, challenges, benefits, and tools. Data were analyzed using SPSS v27, with ethical principles upheld. Nurses require strong communication, teaching, and emotional intelligence skills for effective health education. Key barriers include workload and lack of time, while organizational support and training are major motivators. Continuous professional development, integrated nursing programs, and culturally sensitive, individualized approaches are crucial. Challenges include patient disengagement and resource limitations. Health education empowers patients, promotes prevention, and reduces healthcare costs, with printed materials and multimedia presentations being preferred resources. Not applicable.

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has dissolved the linguistic boundaries distinguishing human from machine expression, precipitating a “crisis of authenticity”. This chapter explores the dual challenges arising from this technological inflection point. First, it analyzes the practical “arms race” between generative models and forensic tools, arguing that reliable detection is increasingly infeasible due to the statistical convergence of human and machine text. Second, it examines the ethical and psychological fallout: in personal relationships, the inability to verify authorship erodes trust, while in professional spheres, it threatens institutional integrity. The chapter concludes by proposing a framework for “digital authenticity” that moves beyond futile detection efforts toward cryptographic provenance, digital literacy, and new norms of human-AI collaboration.