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Prof. Kyungjin An
Konkuk University

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0 Green Infrastructure
0 Landscape Planning
0 Open Space Planning
0 Visualisation
0 Design and modeling

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Journal article
Published: 02 June 2021 in Sustainability
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It is imperative to develop a methodology to identify river impairment sources, particularly the relative impact of socioeconomic sources, to enhance the efficiency of various river restoration schemes and policies and to have an internal diagnosis system in place. This study, therefore, aims to identify and analyze the relative importance of the socioeconomic factors affecting river ecosystem impairment in South Korea. To achieve this goal, we applied the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate expert judgement of the relative importance of different socioeconomic factors influencing river ecosystem impairment. Based on a list of socioeconomic factors influencing stream health, an AHP questionnaire was prepared and administered to experts in aquatic ecology. Our analysis reveals that secondary industries form the most significant source of stream ecosystem impairment. Moreover, the most critical socioeconomic factors affecting stream impairment are direct inflow pollution, policy implementation, and industrial wastewater. The results also suggest that the AHP is a rapid and robust approach to assessing the relative importance of different socioeconomic factors that affect river ecosystem health. The results can be used to assist decision makers in focusing on actions to improve river ecosystem health.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Se-Rin Park; Yeeun Shin; Kyungjin An. Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6287 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Se-Rin Park, Yeeun Shin, Kyungjin An. Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Se-Rin Park; Yeeun Shin; Kyungjin An. 2021. "Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6287.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Understanding the complex human and natural processes that occur in watersheds and stream ecosystems is critical for decision makers and planners to ensure healthy stream ecosystems. This study aims to characterize the Han River watershed in Korea and extract key relationships among watershed attributes and biological indicators of streams using principal component analysis (PCA) and self-organizing maps (SOM). This study integrated watershed attributes and biological indicators of streams to delineate the watershed and stream biological status. Results from PCA strongly suggested that the proportions of watershed and riparian land use are key factors that explain the total variance in the datasets. Forest land in the watershed appeared to be the most significant factor. Furthermore, SOM planes showed that the biological indicators of streams have strong positive relationships with forest land, well-drained soil, and slope, whereas they have inverse relationships with urban areas, agricultural areas, and poorly drained soil. Hierarchical clustering classified the watersheds into three clusters, exclusively located in the study areas depending on the degree of forest, urban, and agricultural areas. The findings of this study suggest that different management strategies should be established depending on the characteristics of a cluster to improve the biological condition of streams.

ACS Style

Se-Rin Park; Soon-Jin Hwang; Kyungjin An; Sang-Woo Lee. Identifying Key Watershed Characteristics That Affect the Biological Integrity of Streams in the Han River Watershed, Korea. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3359 .

AMA Style

Se-Rin Park, Soon-Jin Hwang, Kyungjin An, Sang-Woo Lee. Identifying Key Watershed Characteristics That Affect the Biological Integrity of Streams in the Han River Watershed, Korea. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Se-Rin Park; Soon-Jin Hwang; Kyungjin An; Sang-Woo Lee. 2021. "Identifying Key Watershed Characteristics That Affect the Biological Integrity of Streams in the Han River Watershed, Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3359.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2021 in Land
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Advances in 3D printing technology are giving rise to attempts to utilize the technology in various fields, including landscape design. However, exploring the potential of 3D printing technology has been largely neglected in the context of landscape design and education. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implication of 3D printing technology for both education and practice in landscape design. We analyzed the literature and examined the current state of 3D printing technology. We also conducted case studies with secondary school students and landscape practitioners to assess the implementation of the technology. Secondary school students demonstrated positive responses, such as increased interest and participation and improvement of understanding, through workshops using 3D-printed models. The semi-structured interviews with landscape practitioners on the implication of the technology confirmed the limitations of 3D printing in terms of cost, delivery time, scale, and level of detail.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Yeeun Shin; Jinsil Park; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process. Land 2021, 10, 259 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Yeeun Shin, Jinsil Park, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process. Land. 2021; 10 (3):259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Yeeun Shin; Jinsil Park; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2021. "Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process." Land 10, no. 3: 259.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Urban environmental issues such as declining air quality and increasing urban heat island effects can be managed by the effective use of urban green spaces. Consequently, the importance of green infrastructure (GI) has rapidly increased over time. While the various functions of GI have been investigated in numerous studies, limited research has focused on prioritizing those factors which impact the planning and development of GI. This study used literature reviews, expert surveys, and an analytic hierarchy process methodology to identify and prioritize the critical factors influencing GI during the design and construction process to enhance the role of GI in urban areas. Experts were asked to prioritize four primary (ecological, landscape, usability, and economic factors) and 16 secondary aspects of GI design. Respondents strongly agreed on the importance of the ecological aspects of GI, while the government sector also highlighted the importance of economic concerns, such as ongoing maintenance. Results indicated that the priorities for creating GI require further analysis and mediation between stakeholders. Further empirical evidence should be accumulated regarding the functions of GI for policy implementation in design and construction.

ACS Style

Yeeun Shin; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5468 .

AMA Style

Yeeun Shin, Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeeun Shin; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2020. "Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5468.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The extent of anthropogenic land use in watersheds determines the amount of pollutants discharged to streams. This indirectly and directly affects stream water quality and biological health. Most studies have therefore focused on ways to reduce non-point pollution sources to streams from the surrounding land use in watersheds. However, the mechanistic pathways between land use and the deterioration of stream water quality and biological assemblages remain unclear. This study estimated a structural equation model (SEM) representing the impact of agricultural and urban land use on water quality and the benthic macroinvertebrate index (BMI) using IBM AMOS in the Nam-Han river systems, South Korea. The estimated SEM showed that the percent of urban and agricultural land in the watersheds significantly affected both the water quality and the BMI of the streams. Specifically, a higher percent of urban land use had directly increased the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (TP), and deteriorated the BMI of streams. Similarly, higher proportions of agricultural land use had also directly increased the BOD, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and lowered the BMI of streams. In addition, it was observed that the percent of urban and agricultural land use had indirectly deteriorated the BMI through increased BOD. However, we were not able to observe any significant indirect effect of the percent of urban and agricultural land use through increased nutrients including TN and TP. These results indicate that increased urban and agricultural land use in the watersheds had directly and indirectly affected the physicochemical characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams. Our findings emphasize the need to develop more elaborate environmental management and restoration strategies to improve the water quality and biological status of streams.

ACS Style

Jong-Won Lee; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyung-Jin An; Soon-Jin Hwang; Nan-Young Kim. An Estimated Structural Equation Model to Assess the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams of the Nam-Han River System, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2116 .

AMA Style

Jong-Won Lee, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyung-Jin An, Soon-Jin Hwang, Nan-Young Kim. An Estimated Structural Equation Model to Assess the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams of the Nam-Han River System, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):2116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jong-Won Lee; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyung-Jin An; Soon-Jin Hwang; Nan-Young Kim. 2020. "An Estimated Structural Equation Model to Assess the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams of the Nam-Han River System, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2116.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2020 in Integrative Medicine Research
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Children in modern society are exposed to high levels of stress. Various previous studies have reported that horticultural activities help children’s emotional stability. The objective of this study is to develop and implement a horticultural therapy program to improve the emotional intelligence, resilience, and self-efficacy of elementary school students. A total of 582 Korean students (11–13 years old) from 28 schools participated in this study. The horticultural therapy program consisted of seven sessions and was conducted once a week for 60 min per session, during regular or after-school classes. Before and after the horticultural therapy program, emotional intelligence, resilience, and self-efficacy of the elementary school students were assessed using questionnaires. At the end of the program, students evaluated their satisfaction with the program. The horticultural therapy program significantly improved emotional intelligence (p = 0.000), resilience (p = 0.001), and self-efficacy (p = 0.003) of the elementary students participating in this study. After the program, emotional intelligence improved both male and female students. In resilience and self-efficacy, male students improved after the program, but female students did not. This study may show a potential of horticultural therapy for psycho-emotional health of children.

ACS Style

Yun-Ah Oh; A-Young Lee; Kyung Jin An; Sin-Ae Park. Horticultural therapy program for improving emotional well-being of elementary school students: an observational study. Integrative Medicine Research 2020, 9, 37 -41.

AMA Style

Yun-Ah Oh, A-Young Lee, Kyung Jin An, Sin-Ae Park. Horticultural therapy program for improving emotional well-being of elementary school students: an observational study. Integrative Medicine Research. 2020; 9 (1):37-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun-Ah Oh; A-Young Lee; Kyung Jin An; Sin-Ae Park. 2020. "Horticultural therapy program for improving emotional well-being of elementary school students: an observational study." Integrative Medicine Research 9, no. 1: 37-41.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2019 in Sustainability
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With recent declines in air quality, the significance of urban green spaces and their ecological functions have rapidly increased, especially with regard to the reduction of particulate matter. Various investigations regarding particle reduction in urban green spaces have been conducted; however, specific guidelines to establish empirical data for green spaces and to inform related policies are still lacking. Thus, this study aims to categorize experts’ perceptions of green spaces through Q-methodology and to identify ways to form a consensus, establish policies in the design and construction process, ultimately aiming to enhance particle reduction effects in urban green spaces. As a result, experts’ perceptions were classified into three categories: ‘active support,’ ‘skeptical,’ and ‘passive support’ groups. Experts’ opinions on the particle reduction effects of urban green areas are overarchingly agreed upon; however, the priorities involved and methods used in augmenting green space integration require further analysis and mediation. Additionally, further empirical evidence should be accumulated on the particulate matter reduction effects of urban green areas, including the quantification of particle concentration reduction in urban green spaces and considerations for policy establishment in design and construction.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; SeokJun Han; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4835 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, SeokJun Han, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):4835.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; SeokJun Han; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2019. "Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4835.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2018 in Sustainability
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prior knowledge and visual evaluation on supports for rain garden installations. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted to obtain prior knowledge of rain gardens, rain garden implementation support ratings, and visual evaluation of rain gardens in 100 visitors of three rain garden sites. Results of the analysis revealed that users’ visual evaluation of rain gardens played a role as a moderator in the relationship between prior knowledge and support for rain garden installations. In other words, education and publicity of rain gardens alone cannot increase support for rain gardens. However, if rain gardens are visually evaluated positively, the effects of education and publicity of rain gardens can be expected. Therefore, to successfully apply a rain garden policy in the future, basic consideration should be given to aesthetics in order to meet visitors’ visual expectations prior to education and publicity of rain gardens.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Jongwon Lee; Kyungjin An. Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1500 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Jongwon Lee, Kyungjin An. Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1500.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Jongwon Lee; Kyungjin An. 2018. "Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1500.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2018 in Sustainability
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Landslide susceptibility models are important for public safety, but often rely on inaccessible or unaffordable software and geospatial data. Thus, affordable and accessible landslide prediction systems would be especially useful in places that lack the infrastructure for acquiring and analyzing geospatial data. Current landslide susceptibility models and existing methodologies do not consider such issues; therefore, this study aimed to develop an accessible and affordable landslide susceptibility modeling application and methodology based on open-source software and geospatial data. This model used TRIGRS (asc format) and QGIS (Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) extracted from GeoTIFF format) with widely accessible environmental parameters to identify potential landslide risks. In order to verify the suitability of the proposed application and methodology, a case study was conducted on Lantau Island, Hong Kong to assess the validity of the results, a comparison with 1999 landslide locations. The application developed in this study showed a good agreement with the four previous landslide locations marked as highly susceptible, which proves the validity of the study. Therefore, the developing model and the cost-effective approach, in this study simulated the landslide performance well and suggested the new approach of the landslide prediction system.

ACS Style

Kyungjin An; Suyeon Kim; Taebyeong Chae; Daeryong Park. Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources. Sustainability 2018, 10, 293 .

AMA Style

Kyungjin An, Suyeon Kim, Taebyeong Chae, Daeryong Park. Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyungjin An; Suyeon Kim; Taebyeong Chae; Daeryong Park. 2018. "Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 293.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2017 in Sustainability
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Over the last decades, a number of bio-retention facilities have been installed in urban areas for flood control and green amenity purposes. As urban amenity facilities for citizens, bio-retentions have a lot potential; however, the literature on bio-retentions focused mostly on physiochemical aspects like water quality and runoffs. Hence, this paper aims to explore psychological aspects of bio-retentions such as perceptions and landscape aesthetic value for visitors. In order to achieve this purpose, the study employed on-site interviews and questionnaires in the chosen three case studies as research methodology. For the 3 different locations of bio-retention facilities, interviews and questionnaires were carried out. The surveys of 100 bio-retention users were conducted, investigating their general perceptions and landscape aesthetics of the bio-retention facilities. The paper found that only 34% of the interviewees recognised bio-detention facilities, illustrating that most visitors were not aware of such facilities and were unable to distinguish the differences between bio-retention and conventional gardens. On the other hand, the majority of interviewees strongly supported the concept and function of bio-retentions, especially those who recognised the differences in planting species with conventional urban open spaces. Such main findings also encourage further studies of seeking quantitative values by conducting a correlation analysis between the functions and aesthetics of bio-retention facilities.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Kyungjin An. Exploring Psychological and Aesthetic Approaches of Bio-Retention Facilities in the Urban Open Space. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2067 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Kyungjin An. Exploring Psychological and Aesthetic Approaches of Bio-Retention Facilities in the Urban Open Space. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (11):2067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Kyungjin An. 2017. "Exploring Psychological and Aesthetic Approaches of Bio-Retention Facilities in the Urban Open Space." Sustainability 9, no. 11: 2067.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2017 in Sustainability
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Recent health threats from fine particles of PM2.5 have been warned by various health organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international governmental agencies. Due to the recognised threats of such particulate materials within urban areas, counter measures against PM2.5 have been largely explored; however, the methods in the context of planting types and structures have been neglected. Therefore, this study investigated and analysed the concentration levels of PM2.5 in roads, planting areas, and residential zones within urban areas. Moreover, the study attempted to identify any meaningful factors influencing the reduction of PM2.5 and their efficiencies. After surveying PM2.5 in winter and spring season, there were serious reductions of PM2.5 concentrations within the areas of pedestrian paths, planting, and residential areas compared to other urban areas. In particular, a significant low level of PM2.5 concentrations was shown in the residential areas located behind planting bands as green buffer. This research also found that three-dimensional volumes and quantity of planting rows play a critical role in reducing PM2.5. A negative correlation was shown between the fluctuated concentration rate of PM2.5 and quantity of planting rows—single row of trees showed fluctuated concentration rate of PM2.5, 84.77%, followed by double rows of trees 79.49%, and triple rows of trees 75.02%. Especially, trees need to be planted at certain distance to allow wind to diffuse fine particles rather than dense planting. Finally, planting shrubs also significantly reduces the concentration level of PM2.5—the fluctuated concentration rate of the single layer showed 88.79%, while the double layer and the multi-layer showed 81.16% and 68.93%, respectively—since it increases three-dimensional volume of urban plantings.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; SangWoo Lee; Kwangil Hwang; Kyungjin An. Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1709 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, SangWoo Lee, Kwangil Hwang, Kyungjin An. Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5). Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; SangWoo Lee; Kwangil Hwang; Kyungjin An. 2017. "Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5)." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1709.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2016 in Water
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This study examined the non-stationary relationship between the ecological condition of streams and the proportions of forest and developed land in watersheds using geographically-weighted regression (GWR). Most previous studies have adopted the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, which assumes stationarity of the relationship between land use and biological indicators. However, these conventional OLS models cannot provide any insight into local variations in the land use effects within watersheds. Here, we compared the performance of the OLS and GWR statistical models applied to benthic diatom, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities in sub-watershed management areas. We extracted land use datasets from the Ministry of Environment LULC map and data on biological indicators in Nakdong river systems from the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program in Korea. We found that the GWR model had superior performance compared with the OLS model, as assessed based on R2, Akaike’s Information Criterion, and Moran’s I values. Furthermore, GWR models revealed specific localized effects of land use on biological indicators, which we investigated further. The results of this study can be used to inform more effective policies on watershed management and to enhance ecological integrity by prioritizing sub-watershed management areas

ACS Style

Kyoung-Jin An; Sang-Woo Lee; Soon-Jin Hwang; Se-Rin Park; Sun-Ah Hwang. Exploring the Non-Stationary Effects of Forests and Developed Land within Watersheds on Biological Indicators of Streams Using Geographically-Weighted Regression. Water 2016, 8, 120 .

AMA Style

Kyoung-Jin An, Sang-Woo Lee, Soon-Jin Hwang, Se-Rin Park, Sun-Ah Hwang. Exploring the Non-Stationary Effects of Forests and Developed Land within Watersheds on Biological Indicators of Streams Using Geographically-Weighted Regression. Water. 2016; 8 (4):120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyoung-Jin An; Sang-Woo Lee; Soon-Jin Hwang; Se-Rin Park; Sun-Ah Hwang. 2016. "Exploring the Non-Stationary Effects of Forests and Developed Land within Watersheds on Biological Indicators of Streams Using Geographically-Weighted Regression." Water 8, no. 4: 120.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2015 in Paddy and Water Environment
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Urban land use can adversely affect the water quality of adjacent streams through interactions at the edges of the two ecosystems. From a landscape ecological perspective, edges control the flow rate of materials between two adjacent systems. Based on the rationale that the streamline complexity formed between land uses and water bodies may function in this manner, we investigated the potential role of streamline complexity in the relationship between stream ecological communities and urban land use in Korea. Various indices of biological indicators including the diatom assemblage index for organic pollution, the trophic diatom index, the Korean saprobic index, and the index of biotic integrity were applied at 80 sampling sites in the Nakdong River system. We computed the fractal dimensions of the streamlines within 1-km buffers and the proportion of urban land use in the watershed within 5-km buffers around the sampling sites. A moderation model was adopted to investigate the role of streamline complexity in the relationship between urban land use and the biological indices of ecological communities. A comparison between a simple geometry regression model and complex geometry models indicated that streamline complexity may moderate the adverse impacts of urban land use on ecological communities in streams. The moderating effect of streamline complexity was particularly significant for assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fishes. Therefore, to enhance the ecological integrity of streams, we strongly recommend considering streamline complexity when restoring channelized streams in developed areas.

ACS Style

Jin-Ah Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Gil-Soon Hwang; Soon-Jin Hwang; Chulgoo Kim; Kyung-Jin An. Effects of streamline complexity on the relationships between urban land use and ecological communities in streams. Paddy and Water Environment 2015, 14, 299 -312.

AMA Style

Jin-Ah Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Gil-Soon Hwang, Soon-Jin Hwang, Chulgoo Kim, Kyung-Jin An. Effects of streamline complexity on the relationships between urban land use and ecological communities in streams. Paddy and Water Environment. 2015; 14 (2):299-312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin-Ah Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Gil-Soon Hwang; Soon-Jin Hwang; Chulgoo Kim; Kyung-Jin An. 2015. "Effects of streamline complexity on the relationships between urban land use and ecological communities in streams." Paddy and Water Environment 14, no. 2: 299-312.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
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Recently, a great number of smart devices associated with their users exist within Smart City. Users are constantly moving around within Smart City according to their plans and consequently receive various network services from hosting devices adjacent. Currently, there are numbers of different types of security algorithms related to those activities; moreover, under such complexity of digital environment including various network devices and users, selective and customised services need to be provided for suitable purposes. However, the provided services are to be secured and well protected. Each customised service usually keeps tailored security policy and algorithm. Conventionally, every service including different servers, network, and users employs the same security algorithm so that sensitive information could be traced and revealed by using counter tracing method. Therefore, this paper investigates tailored smart security algorithm, which is taking into account scenarios within smart cities. Consequently, users are able to be protected under tailored security modules based on circumstances of network, smart devices, and types of services.

ACS Style

Hoon Ko; Kitae Bae; Sang Heon Kim; Kyung Jin An. A Study on the Security Algorithm for Contexts in Smart Cities. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2014, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Hoon Ko, Kitae Bae, Sang Heon Kim, Kyung Jin An. A Study on the Security Algorithm for Contexts in Smart Cities. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2014; 10 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoon Ko; Kitae Bae; Sang Heon Kim; Kyung Jin An. 2014. "A Study on the Security Algorithm for Contexts in Smart Cities." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 10, no. 6: 1.