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It is imperative to develop a methodology to identify river impairment sources, particularly the relative impact of socioeconomic sources, to enhance the efficiency of various river restoration schemes and policies and to have an internal diagnosis system in place. This study, therefore, aims to identify and analyze the relative importance of the socioeconomic factors affecting river ecosystem impairment in South Korea. To achieve this goal, we applied the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate expert judgement of the relative importance of different socioeconomic factors influencing river ecosystem impairment. Based on a list of socioeconomic factors influencing stream health, an AHP questionnaire was prepared and administered to experts in aquatic ecology. Our analysis reveals that secondary industries form the most significant source of stream ecosystem impairment. Moreover, the most critical socioeconomic factors affecting stream impairment are direct inflow pollution, policy implementation, and industrial wastewater. The results also suggest that the AHP is a rapid and robust approach to assessing the relative importance of different socioeconomic factors that affect river ecosystem health. The results can be used to assist decision makers in focusing on actions to improve river ecosystem health.
Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Se-Rin Park; Yeeun Shin; Kyungjin An. Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6287 .
AMA StyleSuyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Se-Rin Park, Yeeun Shin, Kyungjin An. Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Se-Rin Park; Yeeun Shin; Kyungjin An. 2021. "Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6287.
The relationships between land cover characteristics in riparian areas and the biological integrity of rivers and streams are critical in riparian area management decision-making. This study aims to evaluate such relationships using the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index (BMI), Fish Assessment Index (FAI), and random forest regression, which can capture nonlinear and complex relationships with limited training datasets. Our results indicate that the proportions of land cover types in riparian areas, including urban, agricultural, and forested areas, have greater impacts on the biological communities in streams than those offered by land cover spatial patterns. The proportion of forests in riparian areas has the greatest influence on the biological integrity of streams. Partial dependence plots indicate that the biological integrity of streams gradually improves until the proportion of riparian forest areas reach about 60%; it rapidly decreases until riparian urban areas reach 25%, and declines significantly when the riparian agricultural area ranges from 20% to 40%. Overall, this study highlights the importance of riparian forests in the planning, restoration, and management of streams, and suggests that partial dependence plots may serve to provide insightful quantitative criteria for defining specific objectives that managers and decision-makers can use to improve stream conditions.
Se-Rin Park; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3182 .
AMA StyleSe-Rin Park, Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee. Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSe-Rin Park; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. 2021. "Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3182.
Advances in 3D printing technology are giving rise to attempts to utilize the technology in various fields, including landscape design. However, exploring the potential of 3D printing technology has been largely neglected in the context of landscape design and education. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implication of 3D printing technology for both education and practice in landscape design. We analyzed the literature and examined the current state of 3D printing technology. We also conducted case studies with secondary school students and landscape practitioners to assess the implementation of the technology. Secondary school students demonstrated positive responses, such as increased interest and participation and improvement of understanding, through workshops using 3D-printed models. The semi-structured interviews with landscape practitioners on the implication of the technology confirmed the limitations of 3D printing in terms of cost, delivery time, scale, and level of detail.
Suyeon Kim; Yeeun Shin; Jinsil Park; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process. Land 2021, 10, 259 .
AMA StyleSuyeon Kim, Yeeun Shin, Jinsil Park, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process. Land. 2021; 10 (3):259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuyeon Kim; Yeeun Shin; Jinsil Park; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2021. "Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process." Land 10, no. 3: 259.
Urban environmental issues such as declining air quality and increasing urban heat island effects can be managed by the effective use of urban green spaces. Consequently, the importance of green infrastructure (GI) has rapidly increased over time. While the various functions of GI have been investigated in numerous studies, limited research has focused on prioritizing those factors which impact the planning and development of GI. This study used literature reviews, expert surveys, and an analytic hierarchy process methodology to identify and prioritize the critical factors influencing GI during the design and construction process to enhance the role of GI in urban areas. Experts were asked to prioritize four primary (ecological, landscape, usability, and economic factors) and 16 secondary aspects of GI design. Respondents strongly agreed on the importance of the ecological aspects of GI, while the government sector also highlighted the importance of economic concerns, such as ongoing maintenance. Results indicated that the priorities for creating GI require further analysis and mediation between stakeholders. Further empirical evidence should be accumulated regarding the functions of GI for policy implementation in design and construction.
Yeeun Shin; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5468 .
AMA StyleYeeun Shin, Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeeun Shin; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2020. "Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5468.
With recent declines in air quality, the significance of urban green spaces and their ecological functions have rapidly increased, especially with regard to the reduction of particulate matter. Various investigations regarding particle reduction in urban green spaces have been conducted; however, specific guidelines to establish empirical data for green spaces and to inform related policies are still lacking. Thus, this study aims to categorize experts’ perceptions of green spaces through Q-methodology and to identify ways to form a consensus, establish policies in the design and construction process, ultimately aiming to enhance particle reduction effects in urban green spaces. As a result, experts’ perceptions were classified into three categories: ‘active support,’ ‘skeptical,’ and ‘passive support’ groups. Experts’ opinions on the particle reduction effects of urban green areas are overarchingly agreed upon; however, the priorities involved and methods used in augmenting green space integration require further analysis and mediation. Additionally, further empirical evidence should be accumulated on the particulate matter reduction effects of urban green areas, including the quantification of particle concentration reduction in urban green spaces and considerations for policy establishment in design and construction.
Suyeon Kim; SeokJun Han; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4835 .
AMA StyleSuyeon Kim, SeokJun Han, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):4835.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuyeon Kim; SeokJun Han; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2019. "Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4835.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prior knowledge and visual evaluation on supports for rain garden installations. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted to obtain prior knowledge of rain gardens, rain garden implementation support ratings, and visual evaluation of rain gardens in 100 visitors of three rain garden sites. Results of the analysis revealed that users’ visual evaluation of rain gardens played a role as a moderator in the relationship between prior knowledge and support for rain garden installations. In other words, education and publicity of rain gardens alone cannot increase support for rain gardens. However, if rain gardens are visually evaluated positively, the effects of education and publicity of rain gardens can be expected. Therefore, to successfully apply a rain garden policy in the future, basic consideration should be given to aesthetics in order to meet visitors’ visual expectations prior to education and publicity of rain gardens.
Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Jongwon Lee; Kyungjin An. Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1500 .
AMA StyleSuyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Jongwon Lee, Kyungjin An. Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1500.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Jongwon Lee; Kyungjin An. 2018. "Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1500.
Landslide susceptibility models are important for public safety, but often rely on inaccessible or unaffordable software and geospatial data. Thus, affordable and accessible landslide prediction systems would be especially useful in places that lack the infrastructure for acquiring and analyzing geospatial data. Current landslide susceptibility models and existing methodologies do not consider such issues; therefore, this study aimed to develop an accessible and affordable landslide susceptibility modeling application and methodology based on open-source software and geospatial data. This model used TRIGRS (asc format) and QGIS (Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) extracted from GeoTIFF format) with widely accessible environmental parameters to identify potential landslide risks. In order to verify the suitability of the proposed application and methodology, a case study was conducted on Lantau Island, Hong Kong to assess the validity of the results, a comparison with 1999 landslide locations. The application developed in this study showed a good agreement with the four previous landslide locations marked as highly susceptible, which proves the validity of the study. Therefore, the developing model and the cost-effective approach, in this study simulated the landslide performance well and suggested the new approach of the landslide prediction system.
Kyungjin An; Suyeon Kim; Taebyeong Chae; Daeryong Park. Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources. Sustainability 2018, 10, 293 .
AMA StyleKyungjin An, Suyeon Kim, Taebyeong Chae, Daeryong Park. Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyungjin An; Suyeon Kim; Taebyeong Chae; Daeryong Park. 2018. "Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 293.
Over the last decades, a number of bio-retention facilities have been installed in urban areas for flood control and green amenity purposes. As urban amenity facilities for citizens, bio-retentions have a lot potential; however, the literature on bio-retentions focused mostly on physiochemical aspects like water quality and runoffs. Hence, this paper aims to explore psychological aspects of bio-retentions such as perceptions and landscape aesthetic value for visitors. In order to achieve this purpose, the study employed on-site interviews and questionnaires in the chosen three case studies as research methodology. For the 3 different locations of bio-retention facilities, interviews and questionnaires were carried out. The surveys of 100 bio-retention users were conducted, investigating their general perceptions and landscape aesthetics of the bio-retention facilities. The paper found that only 34% of the interviewees recognised bio-detention facilities, illustrating that most visitors were not aware of such facilities and were unable to distinguish the differences between bio-retention and conventional gardens. On the other hand, the majority of interviewees strongly supported the concept and function of bio-retentions, especially those who recognised the differences in planting species with conventional urban open spaces. Such main findings also encourage further studies of seeking quantitative values by conducting a correlation analysis between the functions and aesthetics of bio-retention facilities.
Suyeon Kim; Kyungjin An. Exploring Psychological and Aesthetic Approaches of Bio-Retention Facilities in the Urban Open Space. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2067 .
AMA StyleSuyeon Kim, Kyungjin An. Exploring Psychological and Aesthetic Approaches of Bio-Retention Facilities in the Urban Open Space. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (11):2067.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuyeon Kim; Kyungjin An. 2017. "Exploring Psychological and Aesthetic Approaches of Bio-Retention Facilities in the Urban Open Space." Sustainability 9, no. 11: 2067.
Recent health threats from fine particles of PM2.5 have been warned by various health organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international governmental agencies. Due to the recognised threats of such particulate materials within urban areas, counter measures against PM2.5 have been largely explored; however, the methods in the context of planting types and structures have been neglected. Therefore, this study investigated and analysed the concentration levels of PM2.5 in roads, planting areas, and residential zones within urban areas. Moreover, the study attempted to identify any meaningful factors influencing the reduction of PM2.5 and their efficiencies. After surveying PM2.5 in winter and spring season, there were serious reductions of PM2.5 concentrations within the areas of pedestrian paths, planting, and residential areas compared to other urban areas. In particular, a significant low level of PM2.5 concentrations was shown in the residential areas located behind planting bands as green buffer. This research also found that three-dimensional volumes and quantity of planting rows play a critical role in reducing PM2.5. A negative correlation was shown between the fluctuated concentration rate of PM2.5 and quantity of planting rows—single row of trees showed fluctuated concentration rate of PM2.5, 84.77%, followed by double rows of trees 79.49%, and triple rows of trees 75.02%. Especially, trees need to be planted at certain distance to allow wind to diffuse fine particles rather than dense planting. Finally, planting shrubs also significantly reduces the concentration level of PM2.5—the fluctuated concentration rate of the single layer showed 88.79%, while the double layer and the multi-layer showed 81.16% and 68.93%, respectively—since it increases three-dimensional volume of urban plantings.
Suyeon Kim; SangWoo Lee; Kwangil Hwang; Kyungjin An. Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1709 .
AMA StyleSuyeon Kim, SangWoo Lee, Kwangil Hwang, Kyungjin An. Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5). Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuyeon Kim; SangWoo Lee; Kwangil Hwang; Kyungjin An. 2017. "Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5)." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1709.