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Nicholas Kirk
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand

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Journal article
Published: 01 August 2021 in Conservation
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Initiatives such as education, incentives, and regulations are used to change people’s behaviour and thereby achieve policy objectives. Understanding and predicting the willingness of people to change their behaviour in response to an initiative is critical in assessing its likely effectiveness. We present a framework proposed by Kaine et al. (2010) for understanding and predicting the motivation of people to change their behaviour in response to a policy initiative. The framework draws on the marketing concept of ‘involvement’, a measure of motivation. Through application to a predator control case study, we show how the framework may be used to predict people’s responses to a policy initiative and how these predictions might help agencies develop strategies to promote behaviour change.

ACS Style

Geoff Kaine; Nicholas Kirk; Robyn Kannemeyer; Dean Stronge; Ben Wiercinski. Predicting People’s Motivation to Engage in Urban Possum Control. Conservation 2021, 1, 196 -215.

AMA Style

Geoff Kaine, Nicholas Kirk, Robyn Kannemeyer, Dean Stronge, Ben Wiercinski. Predicting People’s Motivation to Engage in Urban Possum Control. Conservation. 2021; 1 (3):196-215.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geoff Kaine; Nicholas Kirk; Robyn Kannemeyer; Dean Stronge; Ben Wiercinski. 2021. "Predicting People’s Motivation to Engage in Urban Possum Control." Conservation 1, no. 3: 196-215.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The socio-environmental challenges the world faces are ‘swamps’: situations that are messy, complex, and uncertain. The aim of this paper is to help disciplinary scientists navigate these swamps. To achieve this, the paper evaluates an integrative framework designed for researching complex real-world problems, the Integration and Implementation Science (i2S) framework. As a pilot study, we examine seven inter and transdisciplinary agri-environmental case studies against the concepts presented in the i2S framework, and we hypothesise that considering concepts in the i2S framework during the planning and delivery of agri-environmental research will increase the usefulness of the research for next users. We found that for the types of complex, real-world research done in the case studies, increasing attention to the i2S dimensions correlated with increased usefulness for the end users. We conclude that using the i2S framework could provide handrails for researchers, to help them navigate the swamps when engaging with the complexity of socio-environmental problems.

ACS Style

Melissa Robson-Williams; Bruce Small; Roger Robson-Williams; Nick Kirk. Handrails through the Swamp? A Pilot to Test the Integration and Implementation Science Framework in Complex Real-World Research. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5491 .

AMA Style

Melissa Robson-Williams, Bruce Small, Roger Robson-Williams, Nick Kirk. Handrails through the Swamp? A Pilot to Test the Integration and Implementation Science Framework in Complex Real-World Research. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melissa Robson-Williams; Bruce Small; Roger Robson-Williams; Nick Kirk. 2021. "Handrails through the Swamp? A Pilot to Test the Integration and Implementation Science Framework in Complex Real-World Research." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5491.

Article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Australasian Journal of Water Resources
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Freshwater policy is driven by interrelated challenges such as declining water quality, urban expansion, and agricultural intensification. But recent research indicates that implementation of policy is less successful than its development. Given recent innovations in New Zealand’s freshwater management and policy, this paper asks, What are the barriers to freshwater policy implementation in New Zealand? Data for this research were gathered through semi-structured interviews with key regional council and unitary authority employees. The research discovered several implementation barriers, such as low government and community capacity and difficulty aligning local policy with national policy. The paper argues that a closed loop between problem identification and responding to problems through planning slows the implementation of freshwater policy. In response, the paper offers a set of recommendations, designed for the New Zealand context, to enable more effective implementation of freshwater policy.

ACS Style

Nicholas Kirk; Melissa Robson-Williams; Andrew Fenemor; Nathan Heath. Exploring the barriers to freshwater policy implementation in New Zealand. Australasian Journal of Water Resources 2020, 24, 91 -104.

AMA Style

Nicholas Kirk, Melissa Robson-Williams, Andrew Fenemor, Nathan Heath. Exploring the barriers to freshwater policy implementation in New Zealand. Australasian Journal of Water Resources. 2020; 24 (2):91-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicholas Kirk; Melissa Robson-Williams; Andrew Fenemor; Nathan Heath. 2020. "Exploring the barriers to freshwater policy implementation in New Zealand." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 24, no. 2: 91-104.

Research articles
Published: 27 January 2020 in Environmental Communication
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Synthetic gene drive approaches are nascent technologies with potential applicability for pest control for conservation purposes. Responsible science mandates that society be engaged in a dialogue over new technology, particularly where there exist global ramifications as with gene drive. We hypothesize that public attitudes towards gene drive are not formed on scientific knowledge or demographics alone, but are heavily influenced by underlying worldviews, which encapsulate a broad and interactive system of attitudes, beliefs, and values. To test this, we conducted a national survey in New Zealand (n = 8199) and found that respondents clustered into four distinct segments with underlying worldviews, better able to explain attitudes toward gene drive than either the participants' scientific knowledge or other explanatory factors such demographics, political ideology or religiosity. We found that the use of gene drive for biodiversity conservation currently has moderate (32%) levels of support in New Zealand but that varied substantially across the four segments. Should gene drive become a technically viable approach for pest control, understanding the worldviews that shape public decision-making can guide a more empathetic engagement process and empower society to participate in informed decision-making about if and how gene drive should be used for conservation purposes.

ACS Style

Edith A. Macdonald; Jovana Balanovic; Eric D. Edwards; Wokje Abrahamse; Bob Frame; Alison Greenaway; Robyn Kannemeyer; Nick Kirk; Fabien Medvecky; Taciano L. Milfont; James C. Russell; Daniel M. Tompkins. Public Opinion Towards Gene Drive as a Pest Control Approach for Biodiversity Conservation and the Association of Underlying Worldviews. Environmental Communication 2020, 14, 904 -918.

AMA Style

Edith A. Macdonald, Jovana Balanovic, Eric D. Edwards, Wokje Abrahamse, Bob Frame, Alison Greenaway, Robyn Kannemeyer, Nick Kirk, Fabien Medvecky, Taciano L. Milfont, James C. Russell, Daniel M. Tompkins. Public Opinion Towards Gene Drive as a Pest Control Approach for Biodiversity Conservation and the Association of Underlying Worldviews. Environmental Communication. 2020; 14 (7):904-918.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edith A. Macdonald; Jovana Balanovic; Eric D. Edwards; Wokje Abrahamse; Bob Frame; Alison Greenaway; Robyn Kannemeyer; Nick Kirk; Fabien Medvecky; Taciano L. Milfont; James C. Russell; Daniel M. Tompkins. 2020. "Public Opinion Towards Gene Drive as a Pest Control Approach for Biodiversity Conservation and the Association of Underlying Worldviews." Environmental Communication 14, no. 7: 904-918.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Pacific Conservation Biology
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Invasive animal species threaten global biodiversity. In New Zealand invasive species threaten iconic native species, and scientists are seeking approval to research new technologies that might be capable of eradicating these invasive species. The aim of this research was to understand what New Zealanders with an interest in pest control consider to be the main risks and benefits of introducing new technologies to manage invasive species. We invited key informants to participate in the focus groups, selecting people with knowledge and experience of pest control issues in New Zealand. Data were collected from seven focus groups held in three locations across New Zealand. A thematic analysis of the data was then conducted in which three key themes emerged: concern about the risk of unintended consequences, the benefits of landscape-scale technologies, and New Zealand being an early adopter of new technologies. The focus groups articulated a variety of benefits from introducing new technologies – such as replacing dangerous poisons with non-toxic alternatives – but it was the risks of the new technologies that dominated the discussions. Given these results, we recommend an education and communication strategy focussed on social learning, in conjunction with a codesigned decision-making process, to help establish social licence for the application of potentially controversial technologies.

ACS Style

Nick Kirk; Robyn Kannemeyer; Alison Greenaway; Edy Macdonald; Dean Stronge. Understanding attitudes on new technologies to manage invasive species. Pacific Conservation Biology 2020, 26, 35 .

AMA Style

Nick Kirk, Robyn Kannemeyer, Alison Greenaway, Edy Macdonald, Dean Stronge. Understanding attitudes on new technologies to manage invasive species. Pacific Conservation Biology. 2020; 26 (1):35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nick Kirk; Robyn Kannemeyer; Alison Greenaway; Edy Macdonald; Dean Stronge. 2020. "Understanding attitudes on new technologies to manage invasive species." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 1: 35.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2019 in Case Studies in the Environment
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This paper examines the development of adaptive management in New Zealand’s resource management case law. In particular, this paper investigates a Supreme Court decision (Sustain Our Sounds Inc v King Salmon New Zealand Co Ltd), which established a set of criteria for implementing adaptive management through New Zealand’s Resource Management Act. This paper describes King Salmon’s initial request for aquaculture permits, the Supreme Court appeal, and the Supreme Court’s justification for an adaptive management approach. Analyzing this justification, this paper explores the remaining constraints using an adaptive management approach to enable a more agile and flexible resource management system in New Zealand.

ACS Style

Nicholas Kirk. Constraints on the Use of Adaptive Management in New Zealand’s Resource Management. Case Studies in the Environment 2019, 3, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Nicholas Kirk. Constraints on the Use of Adaptive Management in New Zealand’s Resource Management. Case Studies in the Environment. 2019; 3 (1):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicholas Kirk. 2019. "Constraints on the Use of Adaptive Management in New Zealand’s Resource Management." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1: 1-5.