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The versatility of a rare metal, molybdenum (Mo) in many industrial applications is one of the reasons why Mo is currently one of the growing environmental pollutants worldwide. Traces of inorganic contaminants, including Mo, have been discovered in Antarctica and are compromising the ecosystem. Bioremediation utilising bacteria to transform pollutants into a less toxic form is one of the approaches for solving Mo pollution. Mo reduction is a process of transforming sodium molybdate with an oxidation state of 6+ to Mo-blue, an inert version of the compound. Although there are a few Mo-reducing microbes that have been identified worldwide, only two studies were reported on the microbial reduction of Mo in Antarctica. Therefore, this study was done to assess the ability of Antarctic bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. strain AQ5-05, in reducing Mo. Optimisation of Mo reduction in Mo-supplemented media was carried out using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. Through OFAT, Mo was reduced optimally with substrate concentration of sucrose, ammonium sulphate, and molybdate at 1 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 10 mM, respectively. The pH and salinity of the media were the best at 7.0 and 0.5 g/L, respectively, while the optimal temperature was at 10 °C. Further optimisation using RSM showed greater Mo-blue production in comparison to OFAT. The strain was able to stand high concentration of Mo and low temperature conditions, thus showing its potential in reducing Mo in Antarctica by employing conditions optimised by RSM.
Syazani Darham; Sharifah Nabilah Syed-Muhaimin; Kavilasni Subramaniam; Azham Zulkharnain; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Optimisation of Various Physicochemical Variables Affecting Molybdenum Bioremediation Using Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05. Water 2021, 13, 2367 .
AMA StyleSyazani Darham, Sharifah Nabilah Syed-Muhaimin, Kavilasni Subramaniam, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Optimisation of Various Physicochemical Variables Affecting Molybdenum Bioremediation Using Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05. Water. 2021; 13 (17):2367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyazani Darham; Sharifah Nabilah Syed-Muhaimin; Kavilasni Subramaniam; Azham Zulkharnain; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2021. "Optimisation of Various Physicochemical Variables Affecting Molybdenum Bioremediation Using Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05." Water 13, no. 17: 2367.
Antarctica is a relatively pristine continent that attracts scientists and tourists alike. However, the risk of environmental pollution in Antarctica is increasing with the increase in the number of visitors. Recently, there has been a surge in interest regarding diesel, heavy metals and microplastics pollution. Contamination from these pollutants poses risks to the environment and the health of organisms inhabiting the continent. Penguins are one of the most prominent and widely distributed animals in Antarctica and are at major risk due to pollution. Even on a small scale, the impacts of pollution toward penguin populations are extensive. This review discusses the background of penguins in Antarctica, the anthropogenic pollution and cases, as well as the impacts of diesel, heavy metals and microplastics toxicities on penguins. The trends of the literature for the emerging risks of these pollutants are also reviewed through a bibliometric approach and network mapping analysis. A sum of 27 articles are analyzed on the effects of varying pollutants on penguins in Antarctica from 2000 to 2020 using the VOSviewer bibliometric software, Microsoft Excel and Tableau Public. Research articles collected from the Scopus database are evaluated for the most applicable research themes according to the bibliometric indicators (articles, geography distribution, annual production, integrated subject areas, key source journals and keyword or term interactions). Although bibliometric studies on the present research theme are not frequent, our results are sub-optimal due to the small number of search query matches from the Scopus database. As a result, our findings offer only a fragmentary comprehension of the topics in question. Nevertheless, this review provides valuable inputs regarding prospective research avenues for researchers to pursue in the future.
Nurul Aini Puasa; Azham Zulkharnain; Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian; Chiew-Yen Wong; Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri; Faradina Merican; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Effects of Diesel, Heavy Metals and Plastics Pollution on Penguins in Antarctica: A Review. Animals 2021, 11, 2505 .
AMA StyleNurul Aini Puasa, Azham Zulkharnain, Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian, Chiew-Yen Wong, Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri, Faradina Merican, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Effects of Diesel, Heavy Metals and Plastics Pollution on Penguins in Antarctica: A Review. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2505.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurul Aini Puasa; Azham Zulkharnain; Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian; Chiew-Yen Wong; Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri; Faradina Merican; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2021. "Effects of Diesel, Heavy Metals and Plastics Pollution on Penguins in Antarctica: A Review." Animals 11, no. 9: 2505.
Despite the continuous enforcement of Antarctic Treaty System, ATS (1961), today Antarctica is constantly plagued by hydrocarbon pollution from both legacy and present-day wastes, especially near where anthropogenic activities are the most intense. The advances of science have led to multiple breakthroughs to bolster bioremediation techniques and revamp existing laws that prevent or limit the extent of hydrocarbon pollution in Antarctica. This review serves as the extension of collective efforts by the Antarctic communities through visual representation that summarizes decades of findings (circa 2000–2020) from various fields, pertinent to the application of microbe-mediated hydrocarbons remediation. A scientometric analysis was carried out based on indexed, scientific repositories (ScienceDirect and Scopus), encompassing various parameters, including but not limited to keywords co-occurrences, contributing countries, trends and current breakthroughs in polar researches. The emergence of keywords such as bioremediation, biosurfactants, petroleum hydrocarbons, biodiesel, metagenomics and Antarctic treaty policy portrays the dynamic shifts in Antarctic affairs during the last decades, which initially focused on exploration and resources exploitation before switching to scientific research and the more recent ecotourism. This review also presents the hydrocarbonoclastic microbes studied in the past, known and proposed metabolic pathways and genes related to hydrocarbon biodegradation as well as bacterial adaptations to low-temperature condition.
Ahmad Roslee; Siti Ahmad; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Noor Shaharuddin; Khalilah Khalil; Azham Zulkharnain. Scientometric Analysis of Diesel Pollutions in Antarctic Territories: A Review of Causes and Potential Bioremediation Approaches. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7064 .
AMA StyleAhmad Roslee, Siti Ahmad, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Noor Shaharuddin, Khalilah Khalil, Azham Zulkharnain. Scientometric Analysis of Diesel Pollutions in Antarctic Territories: A Review of Causes and Potential Bioremediation Approaches. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Roslee; Siti Ahmad; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Noor Shaharuddin; Khalilah Khalil; Azham Zulkharnain. 2021. "Scientometric Analysis of Diesel Pollutions in Antarctic Territories: A Review of Causes and Potential Bioremediation Approaches." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7064.
The extensive industrial use of the heavy metal molybdenum (Mo) has led to an emerging global pollution with its traces that can even be found in Antarctica. In response, a reduction process that transforms hexamolybdate (Mo6+) to a less toxic compound, Mo-blue, using microorganisms provides a sustainable remediation approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the reduction of Mo by a psychrotolerant Antarctic marine bacterium, Marinomonas sp. strain AQ5-A9. Mo reduction was optimised using One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Subsequently, Mo reduction kinetics were further studied. OFAT results showed that maximum Mo reduction occurred in culture media conditions of pH 6.0 and 50 ppt salinity at 15 °C, with initial sucrose, nitrogen and molybdate concentrations of 2.0%, 3.0 g/L and 10 mM, respectively. Further optimization using RSM identified improved optimum conditions of pH 6.0 and 47 ppt salinity at 16 °C, with initial sucrose, nitrogen and molybdate concentrations of 1.8%, 2.25 g/L and 16 mM, respectively. Investigation of the kinetics of Mo reduction revealed Aiba as the best-fitting model. The calculated Aiba coefficient of maximum Mo reduction rate (µmax) was 0.067 h−1. The data obtained support the potential use of marine bacteria in the bioremediation of Mo.
Syazani Darham; Khadijah Zahri; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Peter Convey; Khalilah Khalil; Siti Ahmad. Statistical Optimisation and Kinetic Studies of Molybdenum Reduction Using a Psychrotolerant Marine Bacteria Isolated from Antarctica. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 648 .
AMA StyleSyazani Darham, Khadijah Zahri, Azham Zulkharnain, Suriana Sabri, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Peter Convey, Khalilah Khalil, Siti Ahmad. Statistical Optimisation and Kinetic Studies of Molybdenum Reduction Using a Psychrotolerant Marine Bacteria Isolated from Antarctica. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (6):648.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyazani Darham; Khadijah Zahri; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Peter Convey; Khalilah Khalil; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Statistical Optimisation and Kinetic Studies of Molybdenum Reduction Using a Psychrotolerant Marine Bacteria Isolated from Antarctica." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6: 648.
Hydrocarbon pollution is widespread around the globe and, even in the remoteness of Antarctica, the impacts of hydrocarbons from anthropogenic sources are still apparent. Antarctica’s chronically cold temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions reduce the rates of biological processes, including the biodegradation of pollutants. However, the native Antarctic microbial diversity provides a reservoir of cold-adapted microorganisms, some of which have the potential for biodegradation. This study evaluated the diesel hydrocarbon-degrading ability of a psychrotolerant marine bacterial consortium obtained from the coast of the north-west Antarctic Peninsula. The consortium’s growth conditions were optimised using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and statistical response surface methodology (RSM), which identified optimal growth conditions of pH 8.0, 10 °C, 25 ppt NaCl and 1.5 g/L NH4NO3. The predicted model was highly significant and confirmed that the parameters’ salinity, temperature, nitrogen concentration and initial diesel concentration significantly influenced diesel biodegradation. Using the optimised values generated by RSM, a mass reduction of 12.23 mg/mL from the initial 30.518 mg/mL (4% (w/v)) concentration of diesel was achieved within a 6 d incubation period. This study provides further evidence for the presence of native hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in non-contaminated Antarctic seawater.
Nur Zakaria; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Peter Convey; Ahmad Roslee; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Noor Shaharuddin; Leyla Cárdenas; Siti Ahmad. Statistical Optimisation of Diesel Biodegradation at Low Temperatures by an Antarctic Marine Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Non-Contaminated Seawater. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1213 .
AMA StyleNur Zakaria, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Peter Convey, Ahmad Roslee, Azham Zulkharnain, Suriana Sabri, Noor Shaharuddin, Leyla Cárdenas, Siti Ahmad. Statistical Optimisation of Diesel Biodegradation at Low Temperatures by an Antarctic Marine Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Non-Contaminated Seawater. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (6):1213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Zakaria; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Peter Convey; Ahmad Roslee; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Noor Shaharuddin; Leyla Cárdenas; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Statistical Optimisation of Diesel Biodegradation at Low Temperatures by an Antarctic Marine Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Non-Contaminated Seawater." Microorganisms 9, no. 6: 1213.
Pollution associated with petrogenic hydrocarbons is increasing in Antarctica due to a combination of increasing human activity and the continent’s unforgiving environmental conditions. The current study focuses on the ability of a cold-adapted crude microbial consortium (BS24), isolated from soil on the north-west Antarctic Peninsula, to metabolise diesel fuel as the sole carbon source in a shake-flask setting. Factors expected to influence the efficiency of diesel biodegradation, namely temperature, initial diesel concentration, nitrogen source type and concentration, salinity and pH were studied. Consortium BS24 displayed optimal cell growth and diesel degradation activity at 1.0% NaCl, pH 7.5, 0.5 g/L NH4Cl and 2.0% v/v initial diesel concentration during one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analyses. The consortium was psychrotolerant based on the optimum growth temperature of 10‒15 °C. In conventionally optimised media, the highest total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) mineralisation was 85% over a 7-day incubation. Further optimisation of conditions predicted through statistical response-surface methodology (RSM) (1.0% NaCl, pH 7.25, 0.75 g/L NH4Cl, 12.5 °C and 1.75% v/v initial diesel concentration) boosted mineralisation to 95% over a 7-day incubation. A Tessier secondary model best described the growth pattern of BS24 in diesel-enriched medium, with maximum specific growth rate, μmax, substrate inhibition constant, Ki and half saturation constant, Ks, being 0.9996 h−1, 1.356% v/v and 1.238% v/v, respectively. The data obtained suggest the potential of microbial consortia such as BS24 in bioremediation applications in low-temperature diesel-polluted soils.
Ahmad Roslee; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Nur Zakaria; Nor Shaharuddin; Azham Zulkharnain; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Peter Convey; Siti Ahmad. Growth Optimisation and Kinetic Profiling of Diesel Biodegradation by a Cold-Adapted Microbial Consortium Isolated from Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica. Biology 2021, 10, 493 .
AMA StyleAhmad Roslee, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Nur Zakaria, Nor Shaharuddin, Azham Zulkharnain, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Peter Convey, Siti Ahmad. Growth Optimisation and Kinetic Profiling of Diesel Biodegradation by a Cold-Adapted Microbial Consortium Isolated from Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica. Biology. 2021; 10 (6):493.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Roslee; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Nur Zakaria; Nor Shaharuddin; Azham Zulkharnain; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Peter Convey; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Growth Optimisation and Kinetic Profiling of Diesel Biodegradation by a Cold-Adapted Microbial Consortium Isolated from Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica." Biology 10, no. 6: 493.
Hydrocarbons can cause pollution to Antarctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, both through accidental release and the discharge of waste cooking oil in grey water. Such pollutants can persist for long periods in cold environments. The native microbial community may play a role in their biodegradation. In this study, using mixed native Antarctic bacterial communities, several environmental factors influencing biodegradation of waste canola oil (WCO) and pure canola oil (PCO) were optimised using established one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. The factors include salinity, pH, type of nitrogen and concentration, temperature, yeast extract and initial substrate concentration in OFAT and only the significant factors proceeded for the statistical optimisation through RSM. High concentration of substrate targeted for degradation activity through RSM compared to OFAT method. As for the result, all factors were significant in PBD, while only 4 factors were significant in biodegradation of PCO (pH, nitrogen concentration, yeast extract and initial substrate concentration). Using OFAT, the most effective microbial community examined was able to degrade 94.42% and 86.83% (from an initial concentration of 0.5% (v/v)) of WCO and PCO, respectively, within 7 days. Using RSM, 94.99% and 79.77% degradation of WCO and PCO was achieved in 6 days. The significant interaction for the RSM in biodegradation activity between temperature and WCO concentration in WCO media were exhibited. Meanwhile, in biodegradation of PCO the significant factors were between (1) pH and PCO concentration, (2) nitrogen concentration and yeast extract, (3) nitrogen concentration and PCO concentration. The models for the RSM were validated for both WCO and PCO media and it showed no significant difference between experimental and predicted values. The efficiency of canola oil biodegradation achieved in this study provides support for the development of practical strategies for efficient bioremediation in the Antarctic environment.
Khadijah Zahri; Azham Zulkharnain; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Suriana Sabri; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Peter Convey; Siti Ahmad. The Use of Response Surface Methodology as a Statistical Tool for the Optimisation of Waste and Pure Canola Oil Biodegradation by Antarctic Soil Bacteria. Life 2021, 11, 456 .
AMA StyleKhadijah Zahri, Azham Zulkharnain, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Suriana Sabri, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Peter Convey, Siti Ahmad. The Use of Response Surface Methodology as a Statistical Tool for the Optimisation of Waste and Pure Canola Oil Biodegradation by Antarctic Soil Bacteria. Life. 2021; 11 (5):456.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhadijah Zahri; Azham Zulkharnain; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Suriana Sabri; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Peter Convey; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "The Use of Response Surface Methodology as a Statistical Tool for the Optimisation of Waste and Pure Canola Oil Biodegradation by Antarctic Soil Bacteria." Life 11, no. 5: 456.
The increased usage of petroleum oils in cold regions has led to widespread oil pollutants in soils. The harsh environmental conditions in cold environments allow the persistence of these oil pollutants in soils for more than 20 years, raising adverse threats to the ecosystem. Microbial bioremediation was proposed and employed as a cost-effective tool to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons present in soils without significantly posing harmful side effects. However, the conventional hydrocarbon bioremediation requires a longer time to achieve the clean-up standard due to various environmental factors in cold regions. Recent biotechnological improvements using biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation strategies are reported and implemented to enhance the hydrocarbon removal efficiency under cold conditions. Thus, this review focuses on the enhanced bioremediation for hydrocarbon-polluted soils in cold regions, highlighting in situ and ex situ approaches and few potential enhancements via the exploitation of molecular and microbial technology in response to the cold condition. The bibliometric analysis of the hydrocarbon bioremediation research in cold regions is also presented.
How Yap; Nur Zakaria; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. Bibliometric Analysis of Hydrocarbon Bioremediation in Cold Regions and a Review on Enhanced Soil Bioremediation. Biology 2021, 10, 354 .
AMA StyleHow Yap, Nur Zakaria, Azham Zulkharnain, Suriana Sabri, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Siti Ahmad. Bibliometric Analysis of Hydrocarbon Bioremediation in Cold Regions and a Review on Enhanced Soil Bioremediation. Biology. 2021; 10 (5):354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHow Yap; Nur Zakaria; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Bibliometric Analysis of Hydrocarbon Bioremediation in Cold Regions and a Review on Enhanced Soil Bioremediation." Biology 10, no. 5: 354.
In the present age, environmental pollution is multiplying due to various anthropogenic activities. Pollution from waste cooking oil is one of the main issues facing the current human population. Scientists and researchers are seriously concerned about the oils released from various activities, including the blockage of the urban drainage system and odor issues. In addition, cooking oil is known to be harmful and may have a carcinogenic effect. It was found that current research studies and publications are growing on these topics due to environmental problems. A bibliometric analysis of studies published from 2001 to 2021 on cooking oil degradation was carried out using the Scopus database. Primarily, this analysis identified the reliability of the topic for the present-day and explored the past and present progresses of publications on various aspects, including the contributing countries, journals and keywords co-occurrence. The links and interactions between the selected subjects (journals and keywords) were further visualised using the VOSviewer software. The analysis showed that the productivity of the publications is still developing, with the most contributing country being the United States, followed by China and India with 635, 359 and 320 publications, respectively. From a total of 1915 publications, 85 publications were published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Meanwhile, the second and third of the most influential journals were Bioresource Technology and Industrial Crops and Products with 76 and 70 total publications, respectively. Most importantly, the co-occurrence of the author’s keywords revealed “biodegradation”, “bioremediation”, “vegetable oil” and “Antarctic” as the popular topics in this study area, especially from 2011 to 2015. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis on the degradation of cooking oil may serve as guide for future avenues of research in this area of research.
Khadijah Zahri; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. Research Trends of Biodegradation of Cooking Oil in Antarctica from 2001 to 2021: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Scopus Database. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2050 .
AMA StyleKhadijah Zahri, Azham Zulkharnain, Suriana Sabri, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Siti Ahmad. Research Trends of Biodegradation of Cooking Oil in Antarctica from 2001 to 2021: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Scopus Database. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):2050.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhadijah Zahri; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Research Trends of Biodegradation of Cooking Oil in Antarctica from 2001 to 2021: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Scopus Database." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2050.
Bioremediation of hydrocarbons has received much attention in recent decades, particularly relating to fuel and other oils. While of great relevance globally, there has recently been increasing interest in hydrocarbon bioremediation in the marine environments of Antarctica. To provide an objective assessment of the research interest in this field we used VOSviewer software to analyze publication data obtained from the ScienceDirect database covering the period 1970 to the present, but with a primary focus on the years 2000–2020. A bibliometric analysis of the database allowed identification of the co-occurrence of keywords. There was an increasing trend over time for publications relating to oil bioremediation in maritime Antarctica, including both studies on marine bioremediation and of the metabolic pathways of hydrocarbon degradation. Studies of marine anaerobic degradation remain under-represented compared to those of aerobic degradation. Emerging keywords in recent years included bioprospecting, metagenomic, bioindicator, and giving insight into changing research foci, such as increasing attention to microbial diversity. The study of microbial genomes using metagenomic approaches or whole genome studies is increasing rapidly and is likely to drive emerging fields in future, including rapid expansion of bioprospecting in diverse fields of biotechnology.
Nur Zakaria; Peter Convey; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Noor Shaharuddin; Siti Ahmad. Oil Bioremediation in the Marine Environment of Antarctica: A Review and Bibliometric Keyword Cluster Analysis. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 419 .
AMA StyleNur Zakaria, Peter Convey, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Azham Zulkharnain, Suriana Sabri, Noor Shaharuddin, Siti Ahmad. Oil Bioremediation in the Marine Environment of Antarctica: A Review and Bibliometric Keyword Cluster Analysis. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (2):419.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Zakaria; Peter Convey; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Noor Shaharuddin; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Oil Bioremediation in the Marine Environment of Antarctica: A Review and Bibliometric Keyword Cluster Analysis." Microorganisms 9, no. 2: 419.
The globe is presently reliant on natural resources, fossil fuels, and crude oil to support the world’s energy requirements. Human exploration for oil resources is always associated with irreversible effects. Primary sources of hydrocarbon pollution are instigated through oil exploration, extraction, and transportation in the Arctic region. To address the state of pollution, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms and processes of the bioremediation of hydrocarbons. The application of various microbial communities originated from the Arctic can provide a better interpretation on the mechanisms of specific microbes in the biodegradation process. The composition of oil and consequences of hydrocarbon pollutants to the various marine environments are also discussed in this paper. An overview of emerging trends on literature or research publications published in the last decade was compiled via bibliometric analysis in relation to the topic of interest, which is the microbial community present in the Arctic and Antarctic marine environments. This review also presents the hydrocarbon-degrading microbial community present in the Arctic, biodegradation metabolic pathways (enzymatic level), and capacity of microbial degradation from the perspective of metagenomics. The limitations are stated and recommendations are proposed for future research prospects on biodegradation of oil contaminants by microbial community at the low temperature regions of the Arctic.
Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian; Chiew-Yen Wong; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Azham Zulkharnain; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. A Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Applications of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Arctic Marine Environment at Metagenomic and Enzymatic Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1671 .
AMA StyleGayathiri Verasoundarapandian, Chiew-Yen Wong, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Azham Zulkharnain, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. A Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Applications of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Arctic Marine Environment at Metagenomic and Enzymatic Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1671.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGayathiri Verasoundarapandian; Chiew-Yen Wong; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Azham Zulkharnain; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2021. "A Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Applications of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Arctic Marine Environment at Metagenomic and Enzymatic Levels." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1671.
Diesel acts as a main energy source to complement human activities in Antarctica. However, the increased expedition in Antarctica has threatened the environment as well as its living organisms. While more efforts on the use of renewable energy are being done, most activities in Antarctica still depend heavily on the use of diesel. Diesel contaminants in their natural state are known to be persistent, complex and toxic. The low temperature in Antarctica worsens these issues, making pollutants more significantly toxic to their environment and indigenous organisms. A bibliometric analysis had demonstrated a gradual increase in the number of studies on the microbial hydrocarbon remediation in Antarctica over the year. It was also found that these studies were dominated by those that used bacteria as remediating agents, whereas very little focus was given on fungi and microalgae. This review presents a summary of the collective and past understanding to the current findings of Antarctic microbial enzymatic degradation of hydrocarbons as well as its genotypic adaptation to the extreme low temperature.
Rasidnie Wong; Zheng Lim; Noor Shaharuddin; Azham Zulkharnain; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. Diesel in Antarctica and a Bibliometric Study on Its Indigenous Microorganisms as Remediation Agent. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1512 .
AMA StyleRasidnie Wong, Zheng Lim, Noor Shaharuddin, Azham Zulkharnain, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Siti Ahmad. Diesel in Antarctica and a Bibliometric Study on Its Indigenous Microorganisms as Remediation Agent. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRasidnie Wong; Zheng Lim; Noor Shaharuddin; Azham Zulkharnain; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Diesel in Antarctica and a Bibliometric Study on Its Indigenous Microorganisms as Remediation Agent." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1512.
Oil pollution can cause tremendous harm and risk to the water ecosystem and organisms due to the relatively recalcitrant hydrocarbon compounds. The current chemical method used to treat the ecosystem polluted with diesel is incompetent and expensive for a large-scale treatment. Thus, bioremediation technique seems urgent and requires more attention to solve the existing environmental problems. Biological agents, including microorganisms, carry out the biodegradation process where organic pollutants are mineralized into water, carbon dioxide, and less toxic compounds. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in the nature and often exploited for their specialty to bioremediate the oil-polluted area. The capability of these bacteria to utilize hydrocarbon compounds as a carbon source is the main reason behind their species exploitation. Recently, microbial remediation by halophilic bacteria has received many positive feedbacks as an efficient pollutant degrader. These halophilic bacteria are also considered as suitable candidates for bioremediation in hypersaline environments. However, only a few microbial species have been isolated with limited available information on the biodegradation of organic pollutants by halophilic bacteria. The fundamental aspect for successful bioremediation includes selecting appropriate microbes with a high capability of pollutant degradation. Therefore, high salinity bacteria are remarkable microbes for diesel degradation. This paper provides an updated overview of diesel hydrocarbon degradation, the effects of oil spills on the environment and living organisms, and the potential role of high salinity bacteria to decontaminate the organic pollutants in the water environment.
Farah Khalid; Zheng Lim; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Azham Zulkharnain; Siti Ahmad. Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Marine Water by Bacteria: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 155 .
AMA StyleFarah Khalid, Zheng Lim, Suriana Sabri, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Azham Zulkharnain, Siti Ahmad. Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Marine Water by Bacteria: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (2):155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarah Khalid; Zheng Lim; Suriana Sabri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Azham Zulkharnain; Siti Ahmad. 2021. "Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Marine Water by Bacteria: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2: 155.
Diesel is a fuel commonly used in Antarctica to supply vessels and domestic applications on site. The increasing human activities in the continent consequently have generated high fuel demand, which in turn has increased the occurrence of oil pollution due to accidental events during refueling. A related study received growing interest as more detrimental effects have been reported on Antarctic ecosystems. By adopting the bibliometric analysis, the research on diesel pollution in Antarctica collected in the Scopus database was systematically analysed. An increment in annual publication growth from 1980 to 2019 was observed and two research clusters were illustrated with “hydrocarbons” as the core keyword. Several attempts have been conducted over the past decades to remove anthropogenic hydrocarbon from previous abandoned whaling sites as well as recent oil spill incidents. However, the remote and polar conditions of Antarctica constrained the installation and operation of clean-up infrastructure. This review also briefly encompasses the approaches from past to present on the management of fuel pollution in Antarctica and highlights the potential of phytoremediation as a new bioremediation prospect.
Zheng Syuen Lim; Rasidnie Razin Wong; Chiew-Yen Wong; Azham Zulkharnain; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Diesel Pollution in Antarctica and A Review on Remediation Techniques. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1123 .
AMA StyleZheng Syuen Lim, Rasidnie Razin Wong, Chiew-Yen Wong, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Diesel Pollution in Antarctica and A Review on Remediation Techniques. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (3):1123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng Syuen Lim; Rasidnie Razin Wong; Chiew-Yen Wong; Azham Zulkharnain; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2021. "Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Diesel Pollution in Antarctica and A Review on Remediation Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3: 1123.
Study of the potential of Antarctic microorganisms for use in bioremediation is of increasing interest due to their adaptations to harsh environmental conditions and their metabolic potential in removing a wide variety of organic pollutants at low temperature. In this study, the psychrotolerant bacterium Rhodococcus sp. strain AQ5-07, originally isolated from soil from King George Island (South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctic), was found to be capable of utilizing phenol as sole carbon and energy source. The bacterium achieved 92.91% degradation of 0.5 g/L phenol under conditions predicted by response surface methodology (RSM) within 84 h at 14.8 °C, pH 7.05, and 0.41 g/L ammonium sulphate. The assembled draft genome sequence (6.75 Mbp) of strain AQ5-07 was obtained through whole genome sequencing (WGS) using the Illumina Hiseq platform. The genome analysis identified a complete gene cluster containing catA, catB, catC, catR, pheR, pheA2, and pheA1. The genome harbours the complete enzyme systems required for phenol and catechol degradation while suggesting phenol degradation occurs via the β-ketoadipate pathway. Enzymatic assay using cell-free crude extract revealed catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity while no catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity was detected, supporting this suggestion. The genomic sequence data provide information on gene candidates responsible for phenol and catechol degradation by indigenous Antarctic bacteria and contribute to knowledge of microbial aromatic metabolism and genetic biodiversity in Antarctica.
Gillian Li Yin Lee; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Peter Convey; Hiroyuki Futamata; Azham Zulkharnain; Kenshi Suzuki; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Siti Aisyah Alias; Gerardo González-Rocha; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Statistical Optimisation of Phenol Degradation and Pathway Identification through Whole Genome Sequencing of the Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Rhodococcus sp. Strain AQ5-07. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 9363 .
AMA StyleGillian Li Yin Lee, Nur Nadhirah Zakaria, Peter Convey, Hiroyuki Futamata, Azham Zulkharnain, Kenshi Suzuki, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Siti Aisyah Alias, Gerardo González-Rocha, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Statistical Optimisation of Phenol Degradation and Pathway Identification through Whole Genome Sequencing of the Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Rhodococcus sp. Strain AQ5-07. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (24):9363.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGillian Li Yin Lee; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Peter Convey; Hiroyuki Futamata; Azham Zulkharnain; Kenshi Suzuki; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Siti Aisyah Alias; Gerardo González-Rocha; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2020. "Statistical Optimisation of Phenol Degradation and Pathway Identification through Whole Genome Sequencing of the Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Rhodococcus sp. Strain AQ5-07." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24: 9363.
Petroleum hydrocarbons, notably diesel oil, are the main energy source for running amenities in the Antarctic region and are the major cause of pollution in this area. Diesel oil spills are one of the major challenges facing management of the Antarctic environment. Bioremediation using bacteria can be an effective and eco-friendly approach for their remediation. However, since the introduction of non-native organisms, including microorganisms, into the Antarctic or between the distinct biogeographical regions within the continent is not permitted under the Antarctic Treaty, it is crucial to discover native oil-degrading, psychrotolerant microorganisms that can be used in diesel bioremediation. The primary aim of the current study is to optimize the conditions for growth and diesel degradation activity of an Antarctic local bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. strain AQ5-05, using the Plackett-Burman approach and response surface method (RSM) via a central composite design (CCD) approach. Based on this approach, temperature, pH, and salinity were calculated to be optimum at 16.30 °C, pH 7.67 and 1.12% (w/v), respectively. A second order polynomial regression model very accurately represented the experimental figures’ interpretation. These optimized environmental conditions increased diesel degradation from 34.5% (at 10 °C, pH 7.00 and 1.00% (w/v) salinity) to 56.4%. Further investigation of the kinetics of diesel reduction by strain AQ5-05 revealed that the Teissier model had the lowest RMSE and AICC values. The calculated values for the Teissier constants of maximal growth rate, half-saturation rate constant for the maximal growth, and half inhibition constants (μmax, Ks, and Ki), were 0.999 h−1, 1.971% (v/v) and 1.764% (v/v), respectively. The data obtained therefore confirmed the potential application of this cold-tolerant strain in the bioremediation of diesel-contaminated Antarctic soils at low temperature.
Mansur Abdulrasheed; Azham Zulkharnain; Nur Zakaria; Ahmad Roslee; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Suhaimi Napis; Peter Convey; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. Response Surface Methodology Optimization and Kinetics of Diesel Degradation by a Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6966 .
AMA StyleMansur Abdulrasheed, Azham Zulkharnain, Nur Zakaria, Ahmad Roslee, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Suhaimi Napis, Peter Convey, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Siti Ahmad. Response Surface Methodology Optimization and Kinetics of Diesel Degradation by a Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6966.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMansur Abdulrasheed; Azham Zulkharnain; Nur Zakaria; Ahmad Roslee; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Suhaimi Napis; Peter Convey; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Ahmad. 2020. "Response Surface Methodology Optimization and Kinetics of Diesel Degradation by a Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6966.
With the progressive increase in human activities in the Antarctic region, the possibility of domestic oil spillage also increases. Developing means for the removal of oils, such as canola oil, from the environment and waste “grey” water using biological approaches is therefore desirable, since the thermal process of oil degradation is expensive and ineffective. Thus, in this study an indigenous cold-adapted Antarctic soil bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis strain AQ5-07, was screened for biosurfactant production ability using the multiple approaches of blood haemolysis, surface tension, emulsification index, oil spreading, drop collapse and “MATH” assay for cellular hydrophobicity. The growth kinetics of the bacterium containing different canola oil concentration was studied. The strain showed β-haemolysis on blood agar with a high emulsification index and low surface tension value of 91.5% and 25.14 mN/m, respectively. Of the models tested, the Haldane model provided the best description of the growth kinetics, although several models were similar in performance. Parameters obtained from the modelling were the maximum specific growth rate (qmax), concentration of substrate at the half maximum specific growth rate, Ks% (v/v) and the inhibition constant Ki% (v/v), with values of 0.142 h−1, 7.743% (v/v) and 0.399% (v/v), respectively. These biological coefficients are useful in predicting growth conditions for batch studies, and also relevant to “in field” bioremediation strategies where the concentration of oil might need to be diluted to non-toxic levels prior to remediation. Biosurfactants can also have application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) under different environmental conditions.
Salihu Ibrahim; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Peter Convey; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Siti Aisyah Alias; Gerardo González-Rocha; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Biosurfactant Production and Growth Kinetics Studies of the Waste Canola Oil-Degrading Bacterium Rhodococcuserythropolis AQ5-07 from Antarctica. Molecules 2020, 25, 3878 .
AMA StyleSalihu Ibrahim, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Peter Convey, Azham Zulkharnain, Suriana Sabri, Siti Aisyah Alias, Gerardo González-Rocha, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Biosurfactant Production and Growth Kinetics Studies of the Waste Canola Oil-Degrading Bacterium Rhodococcuserythropolis AQ5-07 from Antarctica. Molecules. 2020; 25 (17):3878.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalihu Ibrahim; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Peter Convey; Azham Zulkharnain; Suriana Sabri; Siti Aisyah Alias; Gerardo González-Rocha; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2020. "Biosurfactant Production and Growth Kinetics Studies of the Waste Canola Oil-Degrading Bacterium Rhodococcuserythropolis AQ5-07 from Antarctica." Molecules 25, no. 17: 3878.
This study focused on the ability of the Antarctic bacterium Rhodococcus sp. strain AQ5-14 to survive exposure to and to degrade high concentrations of phenol at 0.5 g l-1. After initial evaluation of phenol-degrading performance, the effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the rate of phenol degradation were examined. The optimum conditions for phenol degradation were pH 7 and 0.4 g l-1 NaCl at a temperature of 25°C (83.90%). An analysis using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Plackett-Burman design identified salinity, pH and temperature as three statistically significant factors influencing phenol degradation. The maximum bacterial growth was observed (optical density at 600 nm = 0.455), with medium conditions of pH 6.5, 22.5°C and 0.47 g l-1 NaCl in the central composite design of the RSM experiments enhancing phenol degradation to 99.10%. A central composite design was then used to examine the interactions among these three variables and to determine their optimal levels. There was excellent agreement (R2 = 0.9785) between experimental and predicted values, with less strong but still good agreement (R2 = 0.8376) between the predicted model values and those obtained experimentally under optimized conditions. Rhodococcus sp. strain AQ5-14 has excellent potential for the bioremediation of phenol.
Tengku Athirrah Tengku-Mazuki; Kavilasni Subramaniam; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Peter Convey; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Gillian Li Yin Lee; Azham Zulkharnain; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Optimization of phenol degradation by Antarctic bacterium Rhodococcus sp. Antarctic Science 2020, 32, 486 -495.
AMA StyleTengku Athirrah Tengku-Mazuki, Kavilasni Subramaniam, Nur Nadhirah Zakaria, Peter Convey, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, Gillian Li Yin Lee, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Optimization of phenol degradation by Antarctic bacterium Rhodococcus sp. Antarctic Science. 2020; 32 (6):486-495.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTengku Athirrah Tengku-Mazuki; Kavilasni Subramaniam; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Peter Convey; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Gillian Li Yin Lee; Azham Zulkharnain; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2020. "Optimization of phenol degradation by Antarctic bacterium Rhodococcus sp." Antarctic Science 32, no. 6: 486-495.
Bacterial pigments are potential substitute of chemical photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) due to its non-toxic property and cost-effective production from microbial fermentation. Serratia nematodiphila YO1 was isolated from waterfall in Malaysia and identified using 16S ribosomal RNA. Characterization of the red pigment produced by the bacteria has confirmed the pigment as prodigiosin. Prodigiosin was produced from the fermentation of the bacteria in the presence of different oil substrates. Palm oil exhibited the best performance of cell growth and equivalent prodigiosin yield compared to olive oil and peanut oil. Prodigiosin produced with palm oil supplementation was 93 mg/l compared to 7.8 mg/l produced without supplementation, which recorded 11.9 times improvement. Specific growth rate of the cells improved 1.4 times when palm oil was supplemented in the medium. The prodigiosin pigment produced showed comparable performance as a DSSC sensitizer by displaying an open circuit voltage of 336.1 mV and a maximum short circuit current of 0.098 mV/cm2. This study stands a novelty in proving that the production of prodigiosin is favorable in the presence of palm oil substrate with high saturated fat content, which has not been studied before. This is also among the first bacterial prodigiosin tested as photosensitizer for DSSC application.
Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas; Li Yee Chong; Yonas Mehari Tesfamariam; Azham Zulkharnain; Hafizah Mahmud; Dayang Salyani Abang Mahmod; Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohamad Fuzi; Nur Izyan Wan Azelee. Effects of oil substrate supplementation on production of prodigiosin by Serratia nematodiphila for dye-sensitized solar cell. Journal of Biotechnology 2020, 317, 16 -26.
AMA StyleNor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas, Li Yee Chong, Yonas Mehari Tesfamariam, Azham Zulkharnain, Hafizah Mahmud, Dayang Salyani Abang Mahmod, Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohamad Fuzi, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee. Effects of oil substrate supplementation on production of prodigiosin by Serratia nematodiphila for dye-sensitized solar cell. Journal of Biotechnology. 2020; 317 ():16-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas; Li Yee Chong; Yonas Mehari Tesfamariam; Azham Zulkharnain; Hafizah Mahmud; Dayang Salyani Abang Mahmod; Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohamad Fuzi; Nur Izyan Wan Azelee. 2020. "Effects of oil substrate supplementation on production of prodigiosin by Serratia nematodiphila for dye-sensitized solar cell." Journal of Biotechnology 317, no. : 16-26.
Bioremediation has been proposed as a means of dealing with oil spills on the continent. However, the introduction of non-native organisms, including microbes, even for this purpose would appear to breach the terms of the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty. This study therefore aimed to optimize the growth conditions and diesel degradation activity of the Antarctic native bacteria Arthrobacter spp. strains AQ5-05 and AQ5-06 through the application of a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. Both strains were psychrotolerant, with the optimum temperature supporting diesel degradation being 10–15°C. Both strains were also screened for biosurfactant production and biofilm formation. Their diesel degradation potential was assessed using Bushnell–Haas medium supplemented with 0.5% (v/v) diesel as the sole carbon source and determined using both gravimetric and gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry analysis. Strain AQ5-06 achieved 37.5% diesel degradation, while strain AQ5-05 achieved 34.5% diesel degradation. Both strains produced biosurfactants and showed high biofilm adherence. Strains AQ5-05 and AQ5-06 showed high cellular hydrophobicity rates of 73.0% and 81.5%, respectively, in hexadecane, with somewhat lower values of 60.5% and 70.5%, respectively, in tetrahexadecane. Optimized conditions identified via OFAT increased diesel degradation to 41.0% and 47.5% for strains AQ5-05 and AQ5-06, respectively. Both strains also demonstrated the ability to degrade diesel in the presence of heavy metal co-pollutants. This study therefore confirms the potential use of these cold-tolerant bacterial strains in the biodegradation of diesel-polluted Antarctic soils at low environmental temperatures.
Mansur Abdulrasheed; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Ahmad Fareez Ahmad Roslee; Mohd Yunus Shukor; Azham Zulkharnain; Suhaimi Napis; Peter Convey; Siti Aisyah Alias; Gerardo Gonzalez-Rocha; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Biodegradation of diesel oil by cold-adapted bacterial strains of Arthrobacter spp. from Antarctica. Antarctic Science 2020, 32, 1 -13.
AMA StyleMansur Abdulrasheed, Nur Nadhirah Zakaria, Ahmad Fareez Ahmad Roslee, Mohd Yunus Shukor, Azham Zulkharnain, Suhaimi Napis, Peter Convey, Siti Aisyah Alias, Gerardo Gonzalez-Rocha, Siti Aqlima Ahmad. Biodegradation of diesel oil by cold-adapted bacterial strains of Arthrobacter spp. from Antarctica. Antarctic Science. 2020; 32 (5):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMansur Abdulrasheed; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Ahmad Fareez Ahmad Roslee; Mohd Yunus Shukor; Azham Zulkharnain; Suhaimi Napis; Peter Convey; Siti Aisyah Alias; Gerardo Gonzalez-Rocha; Siti Aqlima Ahmad. 2020. "Biodegradation of diesel oil by cold-adapted bacterial strains of Arthrobacter spp. from Antarctica." Antarctic Science 32, no. 5: 1-13.