Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are particularly rare in all sites of the gynecological tract and include a variety of neoplasms with variable prognosis, dependent on histologic subtype and site of origin. Following the expert consensus proposal of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the approach in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours is to use the same terminology for NENs at all body sites. The main concept of this novel classification framework is to align it to all other body sites and make a clear distinction between well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The previous WHO Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours featured more or less the same principle, but used the terms ‘low-grade neuroendocrine tumor’ and ‘high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma’. Regardless of the terminology used, each of these two main categories include two distinct morphological subtypes: NETs are represented by typical and atypical carcinoid and NEC are represented by small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). High-grade NECs, especially small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma tends to be more frequent in the uterine cervix, followed by the endometrium, while low-grade NETs usually occur in the ovary. NENs of the vulva, vagina and fallopian tube are exceptionally rare, with scattered case reports in the scientific literature.

The placenta is an essential organ in the proper development of pregnancy, and it can present a lot of structural and vascular lesions that can affect fetal development. One of the pathologies associated with pregnancy, which can change the placental structure is thrombophilia (TPh), and this can be correlated with an intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus. Maternal clinical aspects (age, weight) can be correlated with fetal ones (weight, gender), but also with the structural and vascular aspect of the placenta. The placental structure associated with TPh and IUGR shows macroscopic changes, such as fibrin deposition, calcifications and placental infarctions, but microscopic lesions are best highlighted by classical staining techniques: Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome (MT) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)-Hematoxylin, but also by immunohistochemistry technique with the help of anti-cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) antibody that could make it possible to quantify vascular density depending on the pathology. Microscopic changes were massive infarcts caused by vascular ischemia, intravenous and extravillous fibrin deposits, calcifications, and vascular thrombosis. All these clinical, morphological and morphopathological data are interconnected and may vary in the presence of TPh and IUGR.

The pure retroperitoneal lipoma is a sporadic benign tumor originating from the mesenchymal tissue. There are only a few data in the literature. The technique available at this moment cannot establish a clear distinction between a benign adipose mass and a low-grade liposarcoma. This study presents the case of a 53-year-old man presenting computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings that revealed a giant retroperitoneal fatty tumor of 365/210/165 mm dimensions, suspected of malignancy. The patient’s medical history, clinical data, and blood tests are more likely inclined to a benign condition. Liposarcoma couldn’t be excluded preoperatively. The patient underwent an open surgical procedure respecting the oncological principles, with complete resection of 6400 g of retroperitoneal adipose tumor that also affected the surrounding organs’ normal abdominal anatomy. The tumor was relatively well delimited without any signs of local invasion or infiltration. Three solid masses described on the MRI were identified upon dissection and sent separately for histological examination. The result indicated a giant retroperitoneal lipoma with benign characteristics. Facing imagistic difficulties to distinguish lipoma from liposarcoma clearly, and the inconclusiveness of fine-needle biopsies, oncological resection remains the only option as a diagnostic method and curative treatment.

Background and objectives: As pelvic floor disorders are often difficult to assess thoroughly based on clinical examination alone, the use of imaging as a complementary technique is helpful. This study’s aim was to investigate by transperineal ultrasound (US) if there was any significant difference in the mobility of the bladder neck in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) without a cystocele and in those with SUI and an associated cystocele. The study also investigated whether the number of vaginal births and/or the heaviest newborn’s birth weight was correlated with the bladder neck mobility. Materials and Methods: A total of 71 women suffering from SUI were included in the study and divided into two groups based on the presence of a cystocele. Their bladder neck mobility was evaluated by transperineal US, calculating the distance from the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis to the bladder neck (SPBN), and the dorsocaudal linear movement (DLM), term used to illustrate the displacement of the bladder neck by subtracting rest and Valsalva values. GraphPad Prism 8 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Within both study groups, the SPBN values were significantly higher and the DLM values were significantly lower at rest as compared to Valsalva maneuver (p < 0.05). No significant difference between the groups regarding SPBN and DLM values at rest, Valsalva, or subtraction was demonstrated. A significant positive correlation was found between the bladder neck mobility and the heaviest newborn’s birth weight, regardless of the presence of a cystocele (p = 0.042). Conclusions: The presence of a cystocele had no significant impact on the bladder neck mobility measurements in patients with SUI. The heaviest newborn’s birth weight positively correlated with bladder neck hypermobility, as quantified by SPBN.