Background: One of the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy are carbohydrate metabolism disorders resulting in hyperglycemia. The aim of the study was the assessment of impact of socio-demographic variables on the levels of social support and self-efficacy and an investigation of whether there is and how the relationship between social support and self-efficacy is shaped in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. In this study 339 pregnant women with diabetes during pregnancy and 337 healthy pregnant women took part. Methods: The Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and a standardized interview questionnaire were used. Results: The respondents rated Perceived Instrumental Support higher (M = 3.52) than Perceived Emotional Support (M = 3.39). In contrast, Actually Received Support (M = 3.53) was rated higher compared to Support Seeking (M = 2.99) and Need for Support (M = 2.95). The mean generalized self-efficacy score was M = 31.58 in women with diabetes during pregnancy and M = 31.85 in healthy pregnant women. Conclusions: The research results obtained prove the existence of a relationship between GSES and BSSS scores. In pregnant women with diabetes and healthy pregnant women, GSES increases with an increase in perceived support. Additionally, among pregnant women with diabetes, the level of GSES increases with an increase in actually received support. However, in the case of healthy pregnant women, a lower level of need for support is associated with higher level of generalized self-efficacy.

The theory of conservation of resources (COR) can be used for searching mechanisms which explain spiritual changes caused by trauma. The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between distribution of personal resources and spiritual change, as well as the mediating role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and turn to religion (stress coping strategy) in this relationship among participants’ hostilities in Ukraine. A total of 314 adults—74 women and 235 men—participated in the study. The mean age was 72.59. Polish adaptation of Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources-Evaluation (COR-E), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C), the Inventory for Measuring Coping with Stress (MINI-COPE), and The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) were employed in the research. The mediating role of posttraumatic stress disorder and turn to religion in relationship between personal resources loss and spiritual change was confirmed. The turn to religion plays the role of mediator in relationship between personal resources gain/assigning value to personal resources and spiritual change. The results justify the postulate of conducting further research in the field of testing models which take into account the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, religious coping stress, and posttraumatic spiritual change. The conducted analyses should include the assumptions of the COR theory as well as psychological, social, and situational factors that could generate spiritual change.

Risky behaviors are influenced by a variety of internal and external factors, including self-esteem, which reflects an individual’s global evaluation of their worth. This study aimed to assess the relationship between self-esteem and risky behaviors among adults in Poland, examining how sociodemographic factors, including occupation and family background, contribute to these behaviors. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2023, involving 320 residents of Poland aged 16 to 68 years. Participants were selected through convenience sampling in public locations and surveyed using Rosenberg self-esteem scale and Zuckerman sensation seeking scale. Statistical analyses included the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression to explore the relationships between self-esteem, risky behaviors, and sociodemographic variables, including interaction effects. Most participants demonstrated average self-esteem (41.56%) and low levels of risky behavior (55.94%). A weak positive correlation was observed between age and self-esteem (R = 0.162, P = .004), while risky behavior showed a negative correlation with age (r = ‐0.279, P < .001). Participants in nonmedical professions exhibited significantly higher risky behavior scores compared to those in medical professions (P = .013). Family history of alcohol addiction was associated with lower self-esteem (P = .044). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that higher self-esteem significantly reduced the likelihood of risky behaviors (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75, P = .012), while older age (OR = 0.92, P < .001) and working in a medical profession served as additional protective factors. In contrast, respondents in nonmedical professions showed a significantly higher tendency toward risk engagement (OR = 1.45, P = .009). A significant borderline interaction was observed between self-esteem and gender (P = .061). Higher self-esteem was associated with a reduced likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors, with age, occupation, and family history also influencing outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of promoting self-esteem, particularly among younger adults and those in high-risk occupations, as part of public health strategies. Future research should include mental health variables and explore targeted interventions to address both psychological and occupational contributors to risky behaviors.

Introduction and objective: Women’s health behaviours in reproductive age are activities that directly or indirectly affect their health status, as well as the health of future generations. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of women’s health behaviours on body perception, taking...