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Adam Majchrzak
Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Independent Public Regional Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland

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Review
Published: 19 July 2021 in Cells
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Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors). However, numerous uncertainties remain, making it difficult to lower the mortality rate, especially among critically ill patients. While looking for a new means of understanding the pathomechanisms of the disease, we asked a question—is our immunity key to resolving these uncertainties? In this review, we attempt to answer this question, and summarize, interpret, and discuss the available knowledge concerning the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T-cells in COVID-19. These are considered to be the first line of defense against pathogens and, thus, we chose to emphasize their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although immunologic alterations are the subject of constant research, they are poorly understood and often underestimated. This review provides background information for the expansion of research on the novel, immunity-oriented approach to diagnostic and treatment possibilities.

ACS Style

Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej; Ewelina Grywalska; Rafał Hrynkiewicz; Dominika Bębnowska; Mikołaj Wołącewicz; Adam Majchrzak; Miłosz Parczewski. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells 2021, 10, 1817 .

AMA Style

Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Ewelina Grywalska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, Dominika Bębnowska, Mikołaj Wołącewicz, Adam Majchrzak, Miłosz Parczewski. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells. 2021; 10 (7):1817.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej; Ewelina Grywalska; Rafał Hrynkiewicz; Dominika Bębnowska; Mikołaj Wołącewicz; Adam Majchrzak; Miłosz Parczewski. 2021. "Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis?" Cells 10, no. 7: 1817.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2021 in Viruses
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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) evolved into a worldwide outbreak, with the first Polish cases in February/March 2020. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of the circulating virus lineages between March 2020 and February 2021. We performed variant identification, spike mutation pattern analysis, and phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses for 1106 high-coverage whole-genome sequences, implementing maximum likelihood, multiple continuous-time Markov chain, and Bayesian birth–death skyline models. For time trends, logistic regression was used. In the dataset, virus B.1.221 lineage was predominant (15.37%), followed by B.1.258 (15.01%) and B.1.1.29 (11.48%) strains. Three clades were identified, being responsible for 74.41% of infections over the analyzed period. Expansion in variant diversity was observed since September 2020 with increasing frequency of the number in spike substitutions, mainly H69V70 deletion, P681H, N439K, and S98F. In population dynamics inferences, three periods with exponential increase in infection were observed, beginning in March, July, and September 2020, respectively, and were driven by different virus clades. Additionally, a notable increase in infections caused by the B.1.1.7 lineage since February 2021 was noted. Over time, the virus accumulated mutations related to optimized transmissibility; therefore, faster dissemination is reflected by the second wave of epidemics in Poland.

ACS Style

Karol Serwin; Andrzej Ossowski; Maria Szargut; Sandra Cytacka; Anna Urbańska; Adam Majchrzak; Anna Niedźwiedź; Ewa Czerska; Anna Pawińska-Matecka; Joanna Gołąb; Miłosz Parczewski. Molecular Evolution and Epidemiological Characteristics of SARS COV-2 in (Northwestern) Poland. Viruses 2021, 13, 1295 .

AMA Style

Karol Serwin, Andrzej Ossowski, Maria Szargut, Sandra Cytacka, Anna Urbańska, Adam Majchrzak, Anna Niedźwiedź, Ewa Czerska, Anna Pawińska-Matecka, Joanna Gołąb, Miłosz Parczewski. Molecular Evolution and Epidemiological Characteristics of SARS COV-2 in (Northwestern) Poland. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karol Serwin; Andrzej Ossowski; Maria Szargut; Sandra Cytacka; Anna Urbańska; Adam Majchrzak; Anna Niedźwiedź; Ewa Czerska; Anna Pawińska-Matecka; Joanna Gołąb; Miłosz Parczewski. 2021. "Molecular Evolution and Epidemiological Characteristics of SARS COV-2 in (Northwestern) Poland." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1295.