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Francisco Ramos-Real
Departamento de Economía, Contabilidad y Finanzas, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales and Centro de Estudios de Desigualdad Social y Gobernanza (CEDESOG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

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Short Biography

Francisco J. Ramos Real is Professor of Economics and vicedean of the Social Sciencies and Tourism Research.of ULL. Their main fields of research are Energy Economics and Industrial Economics.. He has published more than 25 articles in academic journals indexed in WOS-JCR, most of them belonging to the first quartile of its category (Economics and Energy). He has also coordinated and participated in competitive research projects (national and international) most of them related with the analysis of the environment, energy efficiency and regulation.

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Journal article
Published: 20 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Energy production and consumption represent the most significant sources of CO2 emissions in the world. An isolated island scenario such as the case of the Canary Islands, where dependence on fossil fuels is almost complete needs an effective integrative strategy for energy efficiency in order to reduce the carbon footprint. The objective of our work is to propose an effective design for an integrative and sustainable energy transition strategy in the hotel sector of the Islands. To achieve this, we implement a qualitative/quantitative technique called Q methodology. Our study was conducted with a carefully selected group of 31 experts from diverse areas related to the energy sector who were asked to rank-order their degree of agreement or disagreement with 30 key energy discourses (statements). The results of our analysis identify four profiles of stakeholders’ mindsets: the “Low-carbon”, the “Techies”, the “Skeptics”, and the “Trusting”. A well-defined integrative strategy could be identified which includes self-consumption using renewable energies, simplification of the administrative procedures, and promotion of the use of heat pumps, among others. A further interesting consensus result among all four groups reveals experts’ uncertainty regarding the post-COVID-19 reality.

ACS Style

Andrés Lorente de Las Casas; Ivelina Mirkova; Francisco Ramos-Real. Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Possible Energy Sustainability Solutions in the Hotels of the Canary Islands. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6943 .

AMA Style

Andrés Lorente de Las Casas, Ivelina Mirkova, Francisco Ramos-Real. Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Possible Energy Sustainability Solutions in the Hotels of the Canary Islands. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Lorente de Las Casas; Ivelina Mirkova; Francisco Ramos-Real. 2021. "Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Possible Energy Sustainability Solutions in the Hotels of the Canary Islands." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6943.

Research article
Published: 03 May 2020 in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy
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The aim of this paper is to analyze empirically the effect that several kinds of risks, associated with hypothetical oil drillings in the Canary Islands, could have on the behavioral intentions of tourists. A panel survey collected from 639 nonresident tourists about destination image, risk perception, and intention to visit or recommend the islands. The risks associated with the possible oil extractions significantly harming perceived image and behavioral intention by around 43%, with the intention to recommend being more affected than the intention to revisit. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to develop a theoretical model following a recent trend integrating the destination image and risk literatures. Results highlight the key role of perceived risk in creating destination image and provides evidence of the mediating role of image between risk and behavioral intention. The affective image component has a greater impact on behavioral intention than the cognitive one. The outcomes of this study point out the importance, for destination marketers and policymakers, of mitigating the effects of the risk derived from oil drilling. Emphasis is placed on the importance of information and promotion campaigns in which the safety of the destination is remarked.

ACS Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Josue Barrera-Santana; Diana Martín-Azami; Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz. The impact of oil drilling on the behavioral intention of tourists: an empirical investigation. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 2020, 15, 311 -328.

AMA Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Josue Barrera-Santana, Diana Martín-Azami, Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz. The impact of oil drilling on the behavioral intention of tourists: an empirical investigation. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy. 2020; 15 (5):311-328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Josue Barrera-Santana; Diana Martín-Azami; Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz. 2020. "The impact of oil drilling on the behavioral intention of tourists: an empirical investigation." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 15, no. 5: 311-328.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2020 in Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
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This study analyses the determinants of the technical efficiency performance for Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) power utilities in the period 1998-2009, excluding South Africa’s Eskom. The study formulated an explicit model for technical inefficiency by considering the vertical structure of the utilities and the definition of the product, considering the specific characteristics of this sample. It was found that the most significant improvement in the average efficiency of the sample occurred from 2000 to 2002, coinciding with the first SAPP Energy Plan of 2001. Density in consumption, control of corruption and load factor also contributed to the different levels of efficiency. The results provided a new empirical evidence that can be useful for the design of energy policy and incentive regulation.

ACS Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; B. Tovar. Revisiting electric utilities’ efficiency in the Southern African Power Pool, 1998–2009. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 2020, 31, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real, B. Tovar. Revisiting electric utilities’ efficiency in the Southern African Power Pool, 1998–2009. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa. 2020; 31 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; B. Tovar. 2020. "Revisiting electric utilities’ efficiency in the Southern African Power Pool, 1998–2009." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2019 in Energies
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In this work, energy poverty in the Canary Islands is analysed, and a new indicator to measure it is proposed. In the first place, a quantitative analysis has been conducted using different income-based indicators and contrasting the results with the Spanish situation during the 2006–2016 period. The archipelago presents some specific characteristics (high poverty rates combined with low energy consumption) that make necessary the introduction of an alternative, more robust indicator than those existing in the literature. Based on a combination of different income-based indicators, a new one is proposed, named “Compound Energy Poverty Indicator” (CEPI). The CEPI reveals the special features of the Canaries consistent with their regional singularities, as recommended by the European Union energy policies. The evolution of this indicator shows the greater impact of the 2008 economic crisis on the Canary Islands compared to Spain, almost reaching the Spanish energy poverty rates at the end of the period (12.5 versus 11.49). Moreover, the average growth rate from 2006 to 2016 (13.0%) results very high in comparison with the national 2.6%. The development of a systematic and coordinated strategy in the Canaries to assess the energy poverty incidence would not be possible without a proper, accurate indicator.

ACS Style

Judit Mendoza Aguilar; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz. Improving Indicators for Comparing Energy Poverty in the Canary Islands and Spain. Energies 2019, 12, 2135 .

AMA Style

Judit Mendoza Aguilar, Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz. Improving Indicators for Comparing Energy Poverty in the Canary Islands and Spain. Energies. 2019; 12 (11):2135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Judit Mendoza Aguilar; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz. 2019. "Improving Indicators for Comparing Energy Poverty in the Canary Islands and Spain." Energies 12, no. 11: 2135.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural
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ACS Style

Diana Martín -Azami; Francisco Javier Ramos -Real; Universidad De La Laguna (España). The importance of perceived risk in destination image and its effects on behavioral intention. Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 2019, 17, 915 -928.

AMA Style

Diana Martín -Azami, Francisco Javier Ramos -Real, Universidad De La Laguna (España). The importance of perceived risk in destination image and its effects on behavioral intention. Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 2019; 17 (5):915-928.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diana Martín -Azami; Francisco Javier Ramos -Real; Universidad De La Laguna (España). 2019. "The importance of perceived risk in destination image and its effects on behavioral intention." Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 17, no. 5: 915-928.

Review article
Published: 17 September 2018 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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Electric vehicles (EVs) could be a solution to reduce final energy consumption and carbon emissions in the road transport sector. Moreover, the mobility characteristics of drivers (i.e., their average driving distance) fit better with current EV technical features on a small island than in the mainland. This paper analyzes willingness-to-change (WTC) and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for an EV in Tenerife (Canary Islands), both of which are key factors for understanding potential for EV penetration. WTC and WTP in Tenerife island are estimated based on data collected through a face-to-face survey-based contingent valuation approach. We go on to assess the impact of a set of explanatory variables on both WTC and WTP, in order to characterize the representative profile of a potential EV buyer. Informing on the basic properties of an EV and environmental concerns are found to be key factors for WTC, while income level, mobility patterns, environmental concerns and attitude-to-tech of potential buyers are found to be important factors for WTP.

ACS Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Alfredo Ramírez-Díaz; Gustavo A. Marrero; Yannick Perez. Willingness to pay for electric vehicles in island regions: The case of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 98, 140 -149.

AMA Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Alfredo Ramírez-Díaz, Gustavo A. Marrero, Yannick Perez. Willingness to pay for electric vehicles in island regions: The case of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 98 ():140-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Alfredo Ramírez-Díaz; Gustavo A. Marrero; Yannick Perez. 2018. "Willingness to pay for electric vehicles in island regions: The case of Tenerife (Canary Islands)." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 98, no. : 140-149.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2018 in Energy Strategy Reviews
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This paper aims to quantify, from an economic and environmental lens, the impacts of the interconnection Tenerife–La Gomera in terms of energy independence, emissions and costs. Alternatively, the development of La Gomera as an isolated system through a high deployment of renewable energies and energy storage systems is also assessed. The results reveal that the interconnection is the most promising alternative in terms of cost, emissions and energy independence, provided that generation is powered by NG. If not, the isolated development mainly based on electric batteries and photovoltaic systems would be the best option. The results of this work may be very useful for policy-makers and energy planners in other territories with similar characteristics.

ACS Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Josue Barrera-Santana; Alfredo Ramírez-Díaz; Yannick Perez. Interconnecting isolated electrical systems. The case of Canary Islands. Energy Strategy Reviews 2018, 22, 37 -46.

AMA Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Josue Barrera-Santana, Alfredo Ramírez-Díaz, Yannick Perez. Interconnecting isolated electrical systems. The case of Canary Islands. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2018; 22 ():37-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Josue Barrera-Santana; Alfredo Ramírez-Díaz; Yannick Perez. 2018. "Interconnecting isolated electrical systems. The case of Canary Islands." Energy Strategy Reviews 22, no. : 37-46.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2018 in Sustainability
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The aim of this paper is to analyze Rogers-system categories of electric vehicle adopters in Tenerife (Canary Islands) to highlight the psychological factors defining each category. The paper runs a model to calculate willingness to change and willingness to pay for an electric vehicle following the contingent valuation methodology. A survey performed in Tenerife Island collected data from 444 private cars drivers. The survey contained a set of questions on psychological and car-features issues, as well as other items querying the socioeconomic factors and mobility characteristics of the drivers. This paper brings key contributions to the literature. First, it uses two theoretical frameworks to define the categories of innovators from a psychosocial standpoint. Second, the results will usefully inform both policymakers and automaker marketing departments on specific actions to accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles. Our results confirm that electric vehicle adopter categories are similar in proportion and characteristics to those of Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory, and can be collapsed into two macro-groups of adopters distributed in a 50%–50% split in our sample, i.e., the earlier adopters and the later adopters.

ACS Style

Maria Gracia Rodríguez-Brito; Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Yannick Perez. Psychosocial Traits Characterizing EV Adopters’ Profiles: The Case of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Sustainability 2018, 10, 2053 .

AMA Style

Maria Gracia Rodríguez-Brito, Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz, Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Yannick Perez. Psychosocial Traits Characterizing EV Adopters’ Profiles: The Case of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):2053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Gracia Rodríguez-Brito; Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Yannick Perez. 2018. "Psychosocial Traits Characterizing EV Adopters’ Profiles: The Case of Tenerife (Canary Islands)." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 2053.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2016 in Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy
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Isolated energy systems in archipelagos are characterized for having a great dependence on fossil sources due to isolation and territorial fragmentation. The island of La Palma is situated on the northwest of the Canary Islands, and its electric system is very small. Sustainability policies planned by local authorities are aimed to increase the share of renewable energies and the reduction of fossil energies. However, intermittence and the concentration of unmanageable renewable energies in few locations may hinder the operation of the system. In order to solve these problems, energy storage plays an essential role. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of the introduction of two possible alternatives as a way of energy storage: pumped hydro storage and electric vehicles. For this, we use a simulation model adapted to the features of La Palma, considering different scenarios. Results show that, in the most favourable scenario, the installation of an additional 25 MW from renewables (more than double the current power), supported by 20 MW of pumped hydro storage and a fleet of 3361 electric vehicles, would allow the current share of renewables to increase from 11% (in 2015) to 49%. Furthermore, this would mean a 26% reduction in CO2 emissions, 10% in costs of generated kWh and 19% in energy dependence.

ACS Style

Alfredo Ramirez-Diaz; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Gustavo A. Marrero. Complementarity of electric vehicles and pumped-hydro as energy storage in small isolated energy systems: case of La Palma, Canary Islands. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2016, 4, 604 -614.

AMA Style

Alfredo Ramirez-Diaz, Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Gustavo A. Marrero. Complementarity of electric vehicles and pumped-hydro as energy storage in small isolated energy systems: case of La Palma, Canary Islands. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. 2016; 4 (4):604-614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfredo Ramirez-Diaz; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Gustavo A. Marrero. 2016. "Complementarity of electric vehicles and pumped-hydro as energy storage in small isolated energy systems: case of La Palma, Canary Islands." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 4, no. 4: 604-614.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2015 in Sustainability
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Isolated regions are highly dependent on fossil fuels. The use of endogenous sources and the improvement in energy efficiency in all of the consumption activities are the two main ways to reduce the dependence of petroleum-derived fuels. Tenerife offers an excellent renewable resource (hours of sun and wind). However, the massive development of these technologies could cause important operational problems within the electric power grids, because of the small size of the system. In this paper, we explore the option of coupling an electric vehicle fleet as a distributed energy storage system to increase the participation of renewables in an isolated power system, i.e., Tenerife Island. A model simulator has been used to evaluate five key outputs, that is the renewable share, the energy spilled, the CO2 emissions, the levelized cost of generating electricity and fuel dependence, under alternative scenarios. Comparing to the current situation, combining a gradual renewable installed capacity and the introduction of an electric vehicle fleet using alternative charging strategies, a total of 30 different scenarios have been evaluated. Results shows that the impact of 50,000 electric vehicles would increase the renewable share in the electricity mix of the island up to 30%, reduce CO2 emissions by 27%, the total cost of electric generation by 6% and the oil internal market by 16%.

ACS Style

Alfredo Ramírez Díaz; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Gustavo A. Marrero; Yannick Perez. Impact of Electric Vehicles as Distributed Energy Storage in Isolated Systems: The Case of Tenerife. Sustainability 2015, 7, 15152 -15178.

AMA Style

Alfredo Ramírez Díaz, Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Gustavo A. Marrero, Yannick Perez. Impact of Electric Vehicles as Distributed Energy Storage in Isolated Systems: The Case of Tenerife. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (11):15152-15178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfredo Ramírez Díaz; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Gustavo A. Marrero; Yannick Perez. 2015. "Impact of Electric Vehicles as Distributed Energy Storage in Isolated Systems: The Case of Tenerife." Sustainability 7, no. 11: 15152-15178.

Original articles
Published: 28 May 2015 in Applied Economics
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This article analyses the current state of the gas distribution industry in Brazil, by identifying the main factors that determine its efficiency. In order to test the performance of the industry, we have calculated the firms’ technical efficiency during the period 2001–2009. We analyse whether some economic and technological factors as consumer density, load factor or regulation, among others, have affected the performance of this industry. We show that companies serving markets with different customer characteristics (diversification) have reached higher levels of efficiency and evolved faster. Moreover, the private ownership and price cap regulation are more efficient in relation to public ownership and cost of service regulation. These findings are important to support the improvement of the regulation of gas distribution in the Brazilian states.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Edmar Luiz Fagundes De Almeida. Efficiency and performance in gas distribution. Evidence from Brazil. Applied Economics 2015, 47, 5390 -5406.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real, Edmar Luiz Fagundes De Almeida. Efficiency and performance in gas distribution. Evidence from Brazil. Applied Economics. 2015; 47 (50):5390-5406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Edmar Luiz Fagundes De Almeida. 2015. "Efficiency and performance in gas distribution. Evidence from Brazil." Applied Economics 47, no. 50: 5390-5406.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management
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The Canary Islands offer an example of an isolated electric grid of relatively important size within the EU. Generally, these systems do not have access to every technology available, nor can they be connected to continental grids when necessary. Due to their particularities, renewable energies, benefitting from their complementarity with fossil fuels, can play an important role in achieving the main energy policy goals of the islands. Electric vehicles (EVs), thanks to their storage capacity, can provide benefits to the power system reducing both the need for backup thermal generation and the amount of spilled renewable energy (mainly wind). Moreover, EVs can introduce more demand flexibility, which reduces the extra costs (intermittency costs) that renewable technologies impose on power systems. Comparing an efficient mix under a baseline scenario (null impact of electric vehicles) with an equivalent efficient mix under an alternative scenario assuming the introduction of a maximum of 122,000 cars into the Canarias market in 2025, we find a reduction of almost 11% in average generating cost (about 80 million euros/year), 9% in risk (measured as the standard deviation) and almost 13% in emissions.

ACS Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Yannick Perez; Marc Petit; Francisco Javier Ramos Real. Electric vehicle fleet contributions for isolated systems. The case of the Canary Islands. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 2015, 15, 171 .

AMA Style

Gustavo A. Marrero, Yannick Perez, Marc Petit, Francisco Javier Ramos Real. Electric vehicle fleet contributions for isolated systems. The case of the Canary Islands. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management. 2015; 15 (2):171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Yannick Perez; Marc Petit; Francisco Javier Ramos Real. 2015. "Electric vehicle fleet contributions for isolated systems. The case of the Canary Islands." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 15, no. 2: 171.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2013 in Energy Policy
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The main purpose of this paper is to assess efficiency of the Brazilian electricity generation mix proposed in the 2020 Decennial Plan for Energy Expansion (DPEE 2020). It evaluates estimated costs, risks and CO2 emissions following the mean–variance portfolio theory. The efficiency frontier is estimated for three CO2 prices scenarios: no CO2 prices, low CO2 price and high CO2 price. The planned portfolio in Brazil presented in the DPEE 2020 is relatively close to the efficient frontier, however there is still room for risk mitigation by diversifying the energy portfolio. As there is currently no CO2 price in Brazil, the tendency is that diversification increases fossil fuel share in the energy mix, but the introduction of a CO2 price can be an option to promote renewables. This type of large general market framework can contribute to reduce market uncertainties by reducing the level of government′s discretionary activism.

ACS Style

Luciano Losekann; Gustavo A. Marrero; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Edmar Luiz Fagundes de Almeida. Efficient power generating portfolio in Brazil: Conciliating cost, emissions and risk. Energy Policy 2013, 62, 301 -314.

AMA Style

Luciano Losekann, Gustavo A. Marrero, Francisco J. Ramos-Real, Edmar Luiz Fagundes de Almeida. Efficient power generating portfolio in Brazil: Conciliating cost, emissions and risk. Energy Policy. 2013; 62 ():301-314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciano Losekann; Gustavo A. Marrero; Francisco J. Ramos-Real; Edmar Luiz Fagundes de Almeida. 2013. "Efficient power generating portfolio in Brazil: Conciliating cost, emissions and risk." Energy Policy 62, no. : 301-314.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2013 in Energies
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This paper studies the change in Energy Intensity (EI) of the main economic activities in the EU15 countries, which represents approximately 45% of their final energy consumption. The purpose is, first, to measure the different patterns between the countries by establishing differentiated typologies, and second, to investigate those reasons that explain the different trends by country. To attain our objective, the changes in EI are decomposed into their structural and efficiency components for EU15 countries for the period 1991–2005. Results reveal four different typologies for this set of countries, and show the importance of identifying those economic activities which, due to their special impact, are key to reducing energy consumption. The changes in the structural component are due mainly to a transformative process in which the importance of industry in the economy as a whole drops, while the opposite holds for services. However, the changes in the efficiency component do not seem to be linked to this same process. It does not appear as though the services sector resulted in a more efficient use of final energy. We have detected significant evidence of convergence for EI in the service sector that would help to understand the recent worsen evolution of EI in this sector (and in overall EI) of Southern European countries. It can also be concluded that an analysis of global EI change without distinguishing among its components can result in misleading conclusions and in improperly conceived Energy Policies.

ACS Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Francisco J. Ramos-Real. Activity Sectors and Energy Intensity: Decomposition Analysis and Policy Implications for European Countries (1991–2005). Energies 2013, 6, 2521 -2540.

AMA Style

Gustavo A. Marrero, Francisco J. Ramos-Real. Activity Sectors and Energy Intensity: Decomposition Analysis and Policy Implications for European Countries (1991–2005). Energies. 2013; 6 (5):2521-2540.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Francisco J. Ramos-Real. 2013. "Activity Sectors and Energy Intensity: Decomposition Analysis and Policy Implications for European Countries (1991–2005)." Energies 6, no. 5: 2521-2540.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2011 in Journal of Regulatory Economics
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We show that the manner in which the production process is seen when analyzing data on electricity production has an impact on the policy conclusions. In particular, we show that the different specifications of output found in the literature can generate quite diverse views regarding regulation and optimal industry structure, even when using the same data to estimate a cost function. To illustrate this we use information gathered from the Spanish Electric Industry and analyze electricity activities following three approaches: the traditional aggregate activity view, the multistage model and the multioutput-multistage approach. We estimate the degree of economies of scale S and derive marginal costs for all models, plus economies of vertical integration (EVI) for the last two ones. Then we compare these results and verify that the aggregate analysis can mislead policymaking.

ACS Style

Sergio Jara-Diaz; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. The effect of output specification on the optimal policy design for electric utilities. Journal of Regulatory Economics 2011, 40, 62 -81.

AMA Style

Sergio Jara-Diaz, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. The effect of output specification on the optimal policy design for electric utilities. Journal of Regulatory Economics. 2011; 40 (1):62-81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Jara-Diaz; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. 2011. "The effect of output specification on the optimal policy design for electric utilities." Journal of Regulatory Economics 40, no. 1: 62-81.

Review article
Published: 31 December 2010 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The Canary Islands offer an example of an isolated electric grid of relative important size within the EU. Due to its peculiarities, the role of renewable energies and their complementarity with fossil fuels offers a solid path to achieving the main energy policy goals of the Islands. The purpose of this paper is to assess the current situation and the energy objectives proposed in the Energy Plan of the Canaries (PECAN, 2006) for the electricity industry, taking into account the average cost and the risk associated with the different alternatives for generating electricity by means of the Mean–Variance Portfolio Theory. Our analysis highlights the inefficiency of the current electricity generating mix in terms of cost, risk and lack of diversification. Shifting toward an efficient system would involve optimizing the use of endogenous energy sources and introducing natural gas to generate electricity. This scenario would mean reducing both cost and risk by almost 30% each, as well as atmospheric CO2 emissions. Our results agree with the PECAN philosophy.

ACS Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. Electricity generation cost in isolated system: The complementarities of natural gas and renewables in the Canary Islands. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14, 2808 -2818.

AMA Style

Gustavo A. Marrero, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. Electricity generation cost in isolated system: The complementarities of natural gas and renewables in the Canary Islands. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010; 14 (9):2808-2818.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. 2010. "Electricity generation cost in isolated system: The complementarities of natural gas and renewables in the Canary Islands." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, no. 9: 2808-2818.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2010 in Energy Policy
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In this paper we apply Stochastic Frontier Analysis through a distance function to investigate the impact of firm size on productivity development in electricity distribution. We use a sample of seventeen Brazilian firms from 1998 to 2005 and decompose productivity into technical efficiency, scale efficiency and technical change. Moreover, a further step is to decompose the technical change measurement into several components. The results indicate that firm size is important for industry’s productivity, and therefore a key aspect to consider when making decisions that affect the market structure in the electricity distribution industry.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Edmar Fagundes de Almeida. Firm size and productivity. Evidence from the electricity distribution industry in Brazil. Energy Policy 2010, 39, 826 -833.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real, Edmar Fagundes de Almeida. Firm size and productivity. Evidence from the electricity distribution industry in Brazil. Energy Policy. 2010; 39 (2):826-833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Edmar Fagundes de Almeida. 2010. "Firm size and productivity. Evidence from the electricity distribution industry in Brazil." Energy Policy 39, no. 2: 826-833.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2010
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Buena parte del diseño de política energética actual se centra en el estudio individual de los costes de las diferentes opciones tecnológicas de generación de electricidad. En este artículo mostramos que el riesgo asociado a los costes de generación para las distintas tecnologías constituye una variable relevante en la valoración de la eficiencia del mix energético. Dicho riesgo se mide por la incertidumbre asociada a los distintos tipos de costes y la correlación entre ellos a través de las distintas tecnologías. Los resultados sugieren que una cartera eficiente supondría al menos una disminución del 2% en el coste medio, del 30% en el riesgo de costes y de un 17% en emisiones de CO2 respecto a cierta cartera representativa del mix energético europeo para los próximos años. La complementariedad de las energías renovables con las energías fósiles y la nuclear es crucial para poder alcanzar ganancias en las tres dimensiones anteriores. En particular, incorporar el riesgo de costes en el análisis hace compatible una reducción de las emisiones y unos menores costes de generación. Los resultados sugieren algunas reflexiones relevantes de política energética y medioambiental, relacionadas con el mercado de emisiones, los problemas de interrumpibilidad de las renovables y la necesidad de reducir el factor descuento de las tecnologías más intensivas en inversión inicial, que resultan ser las menos contaminantes.

ACS Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Luis A. Puch; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. Riesgo y costes medios en la generación de electricidad: diversificación e implicaciones de política energética. 2010, 1 .

AMA Style

Gustavo A. Marrero, Luis A. Puch, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. Riesgo y costes medios en la generación de electricidad: diversificación e implicaciones de política energética. . 2010; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo A. Marrero; Luis A. Puch; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. 2010. "Riesgo y costes medios en la generación de electricidad: diversificación e implicaciones de política energética." , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 30 June 2009 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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This paper analyzes the success of wind energy in Spain from 1986 to 2007. Certain special characteristics have emerged in Spain that provide credibility to the feed-in tariff (FIT) device to promote this energy source. To explain this success, the analysis will focus on the intrinsic characteristics of FIT using the concepts of the transaction cost theory (TCE). Nevertheless, in this framework, special attention is placed on the role that specific political and institutional factors have played in providing stability to this instrument. Thanks to an early start and an on-going and generous FIT device, wind energy promotion for electricity has become a political success story in Spain. The main implication of this analysis is that this success is mainly due to the trade-off between stability and flexibility in the use of Spanish FIT.

ACS Style

Yannick Perez; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. The public promotion of wind energy in Spain from the transaction costs perspective 1986–2007. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009, 13, 1058 -1066.

AMA Style

Yannick Perez, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. The public promotion of wind energy in Spain from the transaction costs perspective 1986–2007. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2009; 13 (5):1058-1066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yannick Perez; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real. 2009. "The public promotion of wind energy in Spain from the transaction costs perspective 1986–2007." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 5: 1058-1066.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2009 in Energy Economics
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ACS Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Beatriz Tovar; Mariana Iootty; Edmar Fagundes de Almeida; Helder Queiroz Pinto. The evolution and main determinants of productivity in Brazilian electricity distribution 1998–2005: An empirical analysis. Energy Economics 2009, 31, 298 -305.

AMA Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real, Beatriz Tovar, Mariana Iootty, Edmar Fagundes de Almeida, Helder Queiroz Pinto. The evolution and main determinants of productivity in Brazilian electricity distribution 1998–2005: An empirical analysis. Energy Economics. 2009; 31 (2):298-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Beatriz Tovar; Mariana Iootty; Edmar Fagundes de Almeida; Helder Queiroz Pinto. 2009. "The evolution and main determinants of productivity in Brazilian electricity distribution 1998–2005: An empirical analysis." Energy Economics 31, no. 2: 298-305.