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One effective method to minimize the increasing cost in the construction industry is by using coal bottom ash waste as a substitute material. The high volume of coal bottom ash waste generated each year and the improper disposal methods have raised a grave pollution concern because of the harmful impact of the waste on the environment and human health. Recycling coal bottom ash is an effective way to reduce the problems associated with its disposal. This paper reviews the current physical and chemical and utilization of coal bottom ash as a substitute material in the construction industry. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential of recycling bottom ash in the field of civil construction. This review encourages and promotes effective recycling of coal bottom ash and identifies the vast range of coal bottom ash applications in the construction industry.
Syakirah Mohammed; Suhana Koting; Herda Katman; Ali Babalghaith; Muhamad Abdul Patah; Mohd Ibrahim; Mohamed Karim. A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8031 .
AMA StyleSyakirah Mohammed, Suhana Koting, Herda Katman, Ali Babalghaith, Muhamad Abdul Patah, Mohd Ibrahim, Mohamed Karim. A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):8031.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyakirah Mohammed; Suhana Koting; Herda Katman; Ali Babalghaith; Muhamad Abdul Patah; Mohd Ibrahim; Mohamed Karim. 2021. "A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 8031.
Aggregate composition has a pivotal role in ensuring the quality of pavement materials. The use of waste materials to replace the aggregate composition of asphalt pavement leads to green, sustainable, and environmentally friendly construction, which ultimately preserves nature by reducing the need to harvest materials from natural sources. Using the Marshall mix design, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of waste palm oil clinker (POC) as fine aggregates replacement on the properties of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. Six groups of asphalt mixtures were prepared using different percentages of palm oil clinker content (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). To determine the Marshall properties and select the optimum binder content, asphalt mixture samples with different percentages of asphalt binder content (5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%) were prepared for each group. The results showed that the palm oil clinker was appropriate for use as a fine aggregate replacement up to 100% in SMA mixture and could satisfy the mix design requirements in terms of Marshall stability, flow, quotient, and volumetric properties. However, the percentage of palm oil clinker replacement as fine aggregate has merely influenced the optimum binder content. Furthermore, there were improvements in the drain down, resilient modulus and indirect tensile fatigue performances of the SMA mixture. In conclusion, the use of POC as fine aggregates replacement in SMA mixture indicates a good potential to be commercialized in flexible pavement construction.
Ali Mohammed Babalghaith; Suhana Koting; Nor Hafizah Ramli Sulong; Mohamed Rehan Karim; Syakirah Afiza Mohammed; Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim. Effect of Palm Oil Clinker (POC) Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2716 .
AMA StyleAli Mohammed Babalghaith, Suhana Koting, Nor Hafizah Ramli Sulong, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Syakirah Afiza Mohammed, Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim. Effect of Palm Oil Clinker (POC) Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2716.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Mohammed Babalghaith; Suhana Koting; Nor Hafizah Ramli Sulong; Mohamed Rehan Karim; Syakirah Afiza Mohammed; Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim. 2020. "Effect of Palm Oil Clinker (POC) Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2716.