Timely detection of forest wildfires is of great significance to the early prevention and control of large-scale forest fires. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) with cameras has the characteristics of wide monitoring range and strong flexibility, making it very suitable for early detection of forest fire. However, the visual angle/distance of UAV in the process of image sampling and the limited sample size of UAV labeled images limit the accuracy of forest fire recognition based on UAV images. This paper proposes a FT-ResNet50 model based on transfer learning. The model migrates the ResNet network trained on an ImageNet dataset and its initialization parameters into the target dataset of forest fire identification based on UAV images. Combined with the characteristics of the target data set, Adam and Mish functions are used to fine tune the three convolution blocks of ResNet, and focal loss function and network structure parameters are added to optimize the ResNet network, to extract more effectively deep semantic information from fire images. The experimental results show that compared with baseline models, FT-ResNet50 achieved better accuracy in forest fire identification. The recognition accuracy of the FT-ResNet50 model was 79.48%; 3.87% higher than ResNet50 and 6.22% higher than VGG16.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used for small target detection of forest fires due to its low-risk rate, low cost and high ground coverage. However, the detection accuracy of small target forest fires is still not ideal due to its irregular shape, different scale and how easy it can be blocked by obstacles. This paper proposes a multi-scale feature extraction model (MS-FRCNN) for small target forest fire detection by improving the classic Faster RCNN target detection model. In the MS-FRCNN model, ResNet50 is used to replace VGG-16 as the backbone network of Faster RCNN to alleviate the gradient explosion or gradient dispersion phenomenon of VGG-16 when extracting the features. Then, the feature map output by ResNet50 is input into the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN). The advantage of multi-scale feature extraction for FPN will help to improve the ability of the MS-FRCNN to obtain detailed feature information. At the same time, the MS-FRCNN uses a new attention module PAM in the Regional Proposal Network (RPN), which can help reduce the influence of complex backgrounds in the images through the parallel operation of channel attention and space attention, so that the RPN can pay more attention to the semantic and location information of small target forest fires. In addition, the MS-FRCNN model uses a soft-NMS algorithm instead of an NMS algorithm to reduce the error deletion of the detected frames. The experimental results show that, compared to the baseline model, the proposed MS-FRCNN in this paper achieved a better detection performance of small target forest fires, and its detection accuracy was 5.7% higher than that of the baseline models. It shows that the strategy of multi-scale image feature extraction and the parallel attention mechanism to suppress the interference information adopted in the MS-FRCNN model can really improve the performance of small target forest fire detection.

The effective evaluation of the impact of a scholarly article is a significant endeavor; for this reason, it has garnered attention. From the perspective of knowledge flow, this paper extracted various knowledge flow patterns concealed in articles citation counts to describe the citation impact of the articles. First, the intensity characteristic of knowledge flow was investigated to distinguish the different citation vitality of articles. Second, the knowledge diffusion capacity was examined to differentiate the size of the scope of articles’ influences on the academic environment. Finally, the knowledge transfer capacity was discussed to investigate the support degree of articles on the follow-up research. Experimental results show that articles got more citations recently have a higher knowledge flow intensity. The articles have various impacts on the academic environment and have different supporting effects on the follow-up research, representing the differences in their knowledge diffusion and knowledge transfer capabilities. Compared with the single quantitative index of citation frequency, these knowledge flow patterns can carefully explore the citation value of articles. By integrating the three knowledge flow patterns to examine the total citation impact of articles, we found that the articles exhibit distinct value of citation impact even if they were published in the same field, in the same year, and with similar citation frequencies.

Satellite remote sensing plays an important role in wildfire detection. Methods using the brightness and temperature difference of remote sensing images to determine if a wildfire has occurred are one of the main research directions of forest fire monitoring. However, common wildfire detection algorithms are mainly based on a fixed brightness temperature threshold to distinguish wildfire pixels and non-wildfire pixels, which reduces the applicability of the algorithm in different space–time regions. This paper presents an adaptive wildfire detection algorithm, DBTDW, based on a dynamic brightness temperature threshold. First, a regression dataset, MODIS_DT_Fire, was constructed based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometry (MODIS) to determine the wildfire brightness temperature threshold. Then, based on the meteorological information, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) information, and elevation information provided by the dataset, the DBTDW algorithm was used to calculate and obtain the minimum brightness temperature threshold of the burning area by using the Planck algorithm and Otsu algorithm. Finally, six regression models were trained to establish the correlation between factors and the dynamic brightness temperature threshold of wildfire. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate the regression performance. The results show that under the XGBoost model, the DBTDW algorithm has the best prediction effect on the dynamic brightness temperature threshold of wildfire (leave-one-out method: RMSE/MAE = 0.0730). Compared with the method based on a fixed brightness temperature threshold, the method proposed in this paper to adaptively determine the brightness temperature threshold of wildfire has higher universality, which will help improve the effectiveness of satellite remote fire detection.