School gardening activities (SGA) combined with physical activities (PA) may improve childhood dietary intake and prevent overweight and obesity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of SGA combined with PA on children’s dietary intake and anthropometric outcomes. We searched studies containing randomized controlled trials up to January 2021 in Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the EBSCO database on this topic for children aged 7 to 12 years. Fourteen studies met the requirements for meta-analysis (n = 9187). We found that SGA has no obvious effect on improving children’s BMI (WMD = −0.49; p = 0.085; I² = 86.3%), BMI z-score (WMD = −0.12; p = 0.235; I² = 63.0%), and WC (WMD = −0.98; p = 0.05; I² = 72.9%). SGA can effectively improve children’s FVs (WMD = 0.59, p = 0.003, I² = 95.3%). SGA combined with PA can significantly increase children’s FVs but cannot greatly improve weight status. Although more studies on this topic are needed to prove the effectiveness of this method, the results of our review show that both SGA and SGA combined with PA has a modest but positive impact of reducing BMI and WC outcomes but can significantly increase children’s FVs.

On the basis of self-efficacy theory, self-control theory and psychological resilience theory, this paper discusses the relationship between physical exercise, self-efficacy, self-control, psychological resilience and Internet addiction among adolescents in Beijing. A convenience sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on physical activity and Internet addiction among 466 adolescents from first to third year in 10 high schools in Beijing, of which 41% were girls and 59% were boys; 1.9% of students were 14 years old, 42.5% were 15 years old, 23.4% were 16 years old, 31.3% were 17 years old and 0.9% were 18 years old. Using the research methods of the literature, correlation analysis and multiple intermediary structure model, this paper constructed and tested the multiple intermediary model between physical exercise and Internet addiction. The results show that physical exercise can significantly predict self-efficacy, psychological resilience and self-control; self-efficacy, psychological resilience and self-control significantly interfered with Internet addiction behaviour; there was a significant difference in the total effect of multiple intermediaries; the effect value was −0.173; the specific indirect effects of self-efficacy, psychological resilience and self-control had intermediary effects in the relationship between physical exercise and Internet addiction; and there was no difference in specific indirect effects. This paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to prevent teenagers’ Internet addiction from cultivating, such as through good sports activities, thereby improving their Internet addiction. We should actively strive to improve teenagers’ deep understanding of the effect of physical exercise and gradually form physical exercise habits, with sports addiction replacing Internet addiction.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has the largest global burden of all noncommunicable diseases. Owing to the clinical heterogeneity of MetS, wide variations have been reported in the efficacy of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and intermittent fasting (IF) for improving MetS. We searched five databases for randomized controlled trials published through December 2021, and 372 participants from 11 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with MVPA alone, IF combined with MVPA had a more significant effect on improving body mass and levels of fasting blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; however, it was ineffective in improving triglycerides level, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Subgroup analysis showed that, except for blood pressure, time-restricted fasting combined with MVPA had a better effect than alternate-day fasting with MVPA. Meanwhile, when the intervention lasted longer than 8 weeks, the effect of the combined intervention was significantly better than that of MVPA alone. This finding provides a basis for clinicians to manage the health of overweight individuals. This study also showed that Caucasians may be more suitable for the combined intervention than Asians. And the combined intervention may provide a preventive effect for MetS risk factors in healthy populations, although this may be due to the small sample size. In general, this study provides a novel perspective on special interventions for MetS traits.

Introduction: This study explores the relationship between perceived school climate and exercise behavior among obese adolescents, as well as the multiple mediating effects of perseverance qualities and exercise benefits.Methods: A survey was conducted on 586 obese adolescents in Beijing, with an age range of 13–18 years old and an average age of 15.40 ± 1.824, among who 337 were male, 249 were female, 303 were high school students and 238 were middle school students. A standard scale was used to evaluate perceived school climate, exercise benefits, perseverance qualities, and exercise behaviors. The data was analyzed by independent samples t-test, bivariate correlation analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, and structural equation model (SEM).Results: (1) Perceived school climate among obese adolescents positively predicted exercise behavior (Z = 2.870, p < 0.01), perseverance qualities (Z = 3.107, p < 0.01) and exercise benefits (Z = 4.290, p < 0.001); perseverance qualities positively predicted exercise behavior in obese adolescents (Z = 4.431, p < 0.001); exercise benefits positively predicted the obese adolescents’ exercise behavior (Z = 4.267, p < 0.001). (2) Perseverance qualities (Z = 2.282, 95% CI [0.032, 0.191], [0.028, 0.179]) and exercise benefits (Z = 2.518, 95% CI [0.060, 0.287], [0.053, 0.271]) play a mediating role in the obese adolescents’ perceived school climate and exercise behavior, respectively. These two factors have parallel multiple mediating effects between obese adolescents’ perceived school climate and exercise behavior, with mediating effects accounting for 16 and 25%, respectively. The mediating effect of exercise benefits is greater than that of perseverance qualities. (3) There is no difference in the specific indirect effects of perseverance qualities and exercise benefits (Z = −0.800, 95% CI [− 0.198, 0.064], [−0.190, 0.068]).Conclusion: Obese adolescents’ perception of school climate can effectively enhance their motivation to participate in exercise behavior and indirectly influence exercise behavior through exercise benefits and perseverance qualities, cultivate good physical exercise behavior among obese adolescents, and effectively prevent and intervene in the occurrence of obesity.

Purpose. The study is conducted to analyze the risk factors and the protective factors of myopia in Chinese adolescents and its correlation with physical activities and then to provide 2 formulas to predict the probability of becoming myopic and the probability of preventing myopia. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study in which a questionnaire survey was conducted among 650 students aged 14-17 from 5 schools in Beijing in 2021. The students were divided into two groups: nonmyopia group and myopia group. Statistically significant variables were selected after the univariate analysis for a binary logistic regression analysis. Results. In the univariate analysis, 18 risk factors of myopia were found and 14 physical-activity-related protective factors were found. In the multivariate analysis, 5 independent factors were found to be positively related to myopia and could be used for calculating the probability of becoming myopic. The 5 factors are gender, staying up late playing smartphones, parental myopia, daily time spent on digital devices, and regular eye examinations. Five physical-activity-related factors were found to be positively related to the prevention of myopia and can be used for the calculation of the probability of preventing myopia. The 5 factors are regular physical activities, attitude towards physical education, daily time spent on in-school physical activities, daily time spent on after-school physical activities, and eye exercises. Conclusions. The influencing factors of myopia in adolescents mainly include heredity, habits of using eyes, and environment. Physical activities can effectively reduce the probability of becoming myopic in adolescents and promote eye health. Therefore, taking part in physical activities is an effective way to reduce the prevalence of myopia in adolescents.

Background: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of multidomain interventions compared to control and nutritional interventions in older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Four databases were searched for relevant literature. Methodology: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of multidomain interventions on cognitive and physical function in older adults with SCD were included. Results: This study included six eligible studies with 1,767 participants. The results indicated that multidomain interventions significantly improved executive function and memory but did not significantly impact global cognition and physical performance compared to the control group. In addition, significant enhancements were observed in executive function and memory when compared to single nutritional interventions. Conclusions: The findings revealed that multidomain interventions could effectively improve executive function and memory in older adults with SCD. Further studies with robust designs, particularly those comparing single-domain interventions, are needed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms.