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Yongming Chen
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China

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Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In view of the issues of low efficiency and environmental pollution existing in current antimony production, this work proposes an innovative and cleaner process to extract antimony from stibnite concentrate and co-treat goethite residues. The mechanisms of antimony extraction and zinc, iron, sulfur conservation was thermodynamically and experimentally investigated. The results show that iron- and zinc-bearing components in the goethite residue firstly reacted and releasing FexOy and ZnO, then stibnite (Sb2S3) quickly converted to senarmontite (Sb2O3) in the presence of FexOy and ZnO. Intermediate Sb2O3 was subsequently reduced to metallic Sb. Bench-scale experiments of antimony extraction from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue as sulfur-fixing agent validated that 85.7% of Sb was directly recovered as crude antimony bullion, only around 7.4% antimony volatilized to fume. Pb, As, Au, and Ag tended to also be co-enriched in the bullion. 97.4% of sulfur, 88.8% of zinc and 86.1% of iron were recovered and fixed simultaneously. Sulfur in Sb2S3, iron and zinc contained in goethite residues was conserved in matte as marketable Fe2Zn3S5, FeS, and ZnS, instead of forming gaseous SO2. This novel process is a promising recycling and co-treatment alternative for various secondary iron- and zinc-containing materials.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Haotian Xue; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso; Chaobo Tang; Wei Jin; Minna Rämä; Yongming Chen; Shenghai Yang. Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue co-treatment for zinc, iron, sulfur conservation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 313, 127847 .

AMA Style

Yun Li, Haotian Xue, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso, Chaobo Tang, Wei Jin, Minna Rämä, Yongming Chen, Shenghai Yang. Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue co-treatment for zinc, iron, sulfur conservation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 313 ():127847.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Haotian Xue; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso; Chaobo Tang; Wei Jin; Minna Rämä; Yongming Chen; Shenghai Yang. 2021. "Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue co-treatment for zinc, iron, sulfur conservation." Journal of Cleaner Production 313, no. : 127847.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2021 in Hydrometallurgy
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Zinc-electrowinning in Zn(II)-NH4Cl-H2O systems has many advantages, such as a high current efficiency and insensitivity to F−, Cl− and metallic impurities. Additives in electrowinning are important because they influence the growth and structure of the resulting deposits and current efficiency. The effect of gelatin and polyoxyethylene ether (PEO) on the nucleation, growth mechanism, and morphology of samples are investigated through cathodic polarization, chronoamperometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses during the electrowinning of Zn from an ammonium solution. The fraction-temperature diagram shows that the dominant species is ZnNH3Cl3− in the 5 M NH4Cl electrolyte when the temperature is between 298 K and 373 K. The average current efficiency reaches 95.48% in samples containing both gelatin and PEO. The surface morphology of samples with both gelatin and PEO is basically free of dendrites and shows a dense, layer-by-layer, stacked structure. The preferred growth orientation of zinc is enhanced by the presence of PEO and gelatin. The reduction kinetics of zinc are inhibited by the addition of gelatin. In the presence of gelatin and PEO, Zn nucleation and growth can be explained by the 3D growth characteristics of zinc nuclei under diffusion-limited nucleation. The arrangement and size of zinc grains are characterized through front and cross-section SEM.

ACS Style

Duoqiang Zhao; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Yafei Jie; Jing He; Chaobo Tang. Effects of gelatin and polyoxyethylene ether on zinc electrowinning in a Zn(II)-NH4Cl-H2O system. Hydrometallurgy 2021, 201, 105567 .

AMA Style

Duoqiang Zhao, Shenghai Yang, Yongming Chen, Yafei Jie, Jing He, Chaobo Tang. Effects of gelatin and polyoxyethylene ether on zinc electrowinning in a Zn(II)-NH4Cl-H2O system. Hydrometallurgy. 2021; 201 ():105567.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duoqiang Zhao; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Yafei Jie; Jing He; Chaobo Tang. 2021. "Effects of gelatin and polyoxyethylene ether on zinc electrowinning in a Zn(II)-NH4Cl-H2O system." Hydrometallurgy 201, no. : 105567.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in JOM
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A promising lead-containing waste recycling method, with sulfur conservation and reductive sulfur-fixing co-smelting process (RSFCS), is proposed. This work investigated the PbSO4 reduction equilibrium composition, phase conversions, and microscopic transformation mechanisms during the RSFCS process at different temperatures, times, and CO-CO2 mixtures using thermodynamic modeling, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction, and SEM-EDS analysis techniques. At the same time, the gaseous products were collected and analyzed. The results showed that three reduction paths existed: (1) PbSO4 \( \to ^{{ {\text{CO/CO}}_{{2}} }} \) PbO·PbSO4+SO2 \(\to ^{{ {\text{CO/CO}}_{{2}} }}\) 2PbO·PbSO4+SO2 \(\to ^{{ {\text{CO/CO}}_{{2}} }} \) 4PbO·PbSO4+SO2 \(\to ^{{ {\text{CO/CO}}_{{2}} }} \) PbO+SO2 \( \to ^{{ {\text{CO/CO}}_{{2}} }}\) Pb; (2) PbSO4 \( \to ^{{ {\text{CO/CO}}_{{2}} }} \) PbS; (3) PbSO4 → PbO·PbSO4+SO3 → 2PbO·PbSO4+SO3 → 4PbO·PbSO4+SO3 → PbO+SO3. Reduction temperature and CO concentration were determined as major factors in the PbSO4 reduction. In a relatively weak reductive atmosphere and at low temperature, xPbO·PbSO4 (x = 1, 2, 4), PbO, Pb, and SO2 were the major products. When temperature and the CO concentration increased, PbSO4 was selectively reduced to PbS, with sulfur in the PbSO4 fixed in PbS, instead of emitting SO2/SO3.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Pekka Taskinen; Yuejun Wang; Shenghai Yang; Chaobo Tang; Yongming Chen; Ari Jokilaakso. PbSO4 Reduction Mechanism and Gas Composition at 600–1000°C. JOM 2021, 73, 881 -891.

AMA Style

Yun Li, Pekka Taskinen, Yuejun Wang, Shenghai Yang, Chaobo Tang, Yongming Chen, Ari Jokilaakso. PbSO4 Reduction Mechanism and Gas Composition at 600–1000°C. JOM. 2021; 73 (3):881-891.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Pekka Taskinen; Yuejun Wang; Shenghai Yang; Chaobo Tang; Yongming Chen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "PbSO4 Reduction Mechanism and Gas Composition at 600–1000°C." JOM 73, no. 3: 881-891.

Research article
Published: 17 December 2020 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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This study investigated the gaseous products evolution behaviors and the recovery performance of cathode materials from spent LiFePO4 batteries by vacuum pyrolysis. The thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry analysis coupled with electron ionization mass spectrometry (TG-DSC-EI-MS) results indicated that inorganic gases (H2O, CO, CO2), alkane gases (CH4, C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, C3H6, C3H4O3, C4H8O3), and fluoride-containing gases (HF, OPF3, C2H2F2) were the resulting gaseous products in the vacuum pyrolysis of cathode materials. At the same time, the gaseous product species and relative yield were significantly affected by pyrolysis temperature. Combined with the GC-MS analysis of pyrolysis tar obtained from vacuum pyrolysis simulation experiments, it could be inferred that pyrolysis tar was formed as a result of the cleavage and recombination of chemical bonds in solvents. The simulation experiments also showed that the increase of vacuum pyrolysis temperature and decrease of residual gas pressure enhanced the recovery efficiency of cathode materials. Further, the carbon and fluorine content of the cathode materials were found to decrease slowly during vacuum pyrolysis, while the aluminum content increased. When the vacuum pyrolysis temperature was above 600 °C, Al foils ablated and even melted to strips. The phase composition of cathode materials was still LiFePO4 after vacuum pyrolysis. The leaching performance tests of cathode materials demonstrated that the increase of vacuum pyrolysis temperature and decrease of residual gas pressure can lead to the decrease of leaching efficiency for Fe. This technology offers an efficient way to recycle organic compounds and valuable materials from spent LiFePO4 batteries, and it has been demonstrated to be of good economic benefit and energy savings.

ACS Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Yun Li; Fang Hu; Duoqiang Zhao; Di Chang; Yanqing Lai; Yongming Chen. Waste Organic Compounds Thermal Treatment and Valuable Cathode Materials Recovery from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries by Vacuum Pyrolysis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8, 19084 -19095.

AMA Style

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Yun Li, Fang Hu, Duoqiang Zhao, Di Chang, Yanqing Lai, Yongming Chen. Waste Organic Compounds Thermal Treatment and Valuable Cathode Materials Recovery from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries by Vacuum Pyrolysis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020; 8 (51):19084-19095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Yun Li; Fang Hu; Duoqiang Zhao; Di Chang; Yanqing Lai; Yongming Chen. 2020. "Waste Organic Compounds Thermal Treatment and Valuable Cathode Materials Recovery from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries by Vacuum Pyrolysis." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 51: 19084-19095.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2020 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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On the basis of the principles of simultaneous equilibrium, conservation of mass, and aqueous electronic charge neutrality and the correspondence principle of ion entropy, the high-temperature thermodynamics of the ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system was studied to predict solubility and construct Zn species distribution. The model was constructed precisely by using the MATLAB program. The total Zn2+ concentration in the solution was affected significantly by temperature and total ammonium concentration. ZnNH3Cl3− was the predominant species in the ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system. The solubility of zinc diammine chloride in NH4Cl solution (>2 mol·L-1) in the temperature range of 303–353 K was determined using equilibrium experiments, which had results that agreed well with the theoretical value. The data and high-temperature thermodynamic model used in this paper are reliable.

ACS Style

Duoqiang Zhao; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Yafei Jie; Jing He; Chaobo Tang. High-temperature thermodynamics of ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 16064 -16071.

AMA Style

Duoqiang Zhao, Shenghai Yang, Yongming Chen, Yafei Jie, Jing He, Chaobo Tang. High-temperature thermodynamics of ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (6):16064-16071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duoqiang Zhao; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Yafei Jie; Jing He; Chaobo Tang. 2020. "High-temperature thermodynamics of ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 6: 16064-16071.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2020 in Minerals
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In this study, the effects of oxidizing roasting process on the liberation of cathode materials from Al foil under different conditions were investigated systematically. The mineralogical characteristics of the cathode materials before and after thermal treatment were extensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the increase in roasting temperature, oxygen concentration, and air flow rate enhanced the liberation of cathode materials. The cathode materials were gradually oxidized to Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Fe2O3. Further, the carbon and fluorine content in the cathode materials decreased slowly during the thermal treatment, while the Al content increased. When the roasting temperature exceeded the melting point of Al, the Al foils were ablated and the cathode materials adhered to the Al foils again, resulting in difficulty in separation. The cathode materials leaching performance test results demonstrated that the oxidation of cathode materials had a negative effect on the leaching of Fe in sulfuric acid leaching system.

ACS Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Yun Li; Duoqiang Zhao; Yanqing Lai; Yongming Chen. Oxidizing Roasting Behavior and Leaching Performance for the Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries. Minerals 2020, 10, 949 .

AMA Style

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Yun Li, Duoqiang Zhao, Yanqing Lai, Yongming Chen. Oxidizing Roasting Behavior and Leaching Performance for the Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries. Minerals. 2020; 10 (11):949.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Yun Li; Duoqiang Zhao; Yanqing Lai; Yongming Chen. 2020. "Oxidizing Roasting Behavior and Leaching Performance for the Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries." Minerals 10, no. 11: 949.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This work proposes a novel environmentally-friendly, low temperature phase-conversion method for antimony extraction and studies its experimental application and feasibility in pyrite cinder waste co-treatment. The detailed phase transformations and microstructural evolution mechanisms during antimony extraction and sulfur fixation process were investigated. The results show that stibnite (Sb2S3) can quickly transform to senarmontite (Sb2O3) in the presence of Fe2O3 and Na2CO3, and then Sb2O3 will be continuously reduced into metallic Sb. Sulfur in Sb2S3 was conserved as FeS and Na2SxOy (Na2S, Na2SO4 and/or Na2S2O3). As a result, sulfur was immobilized and recycled in the solid state resource, instead of emitting SO2 gas. Laboratory-scale batch experiments employed pyrite cinder as sulfur-fixing agent indicate that more than 92.6% of antimony can be extracted and recovered by one step conversion from stibnite at 1123 K (850 °C) by this new technique. 97.3% of sulfur was fixed and converted to sulfide as matte and sulfate. In other words, SO2 emissions were reduced by 97.3%. By-product elemental sulfur was produced after the water-leaching step, and finally producing industrial H2SO4. Iron contained in pyrite cinder waste will also be recycled. This novel method is an energy-saving, environmentally friendly and promising alternative for antimony extraction and waste treatment.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Haotian Xue; Pekka Taskinen; Shenghai Yang; Chaobo Tang; Wei Jin; Yongming Chen; Ari Jokilaakso. Sustainable phase-conversion method for antimony extraction and sulfur conservation and waste treatment at low temperature. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 268, 121950 .

AMA Style

Yun Li, Haotian Xue, Pekka Taskinen, Shenghai Yang, Chaobo Tang, Wei Jin, Yongming Chen, Ari Jokilaakso. Sustainable phase-conversion method for antimony extraction and sulfur conservation and waste treatment at low temperature. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 268 ():121950.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Haotian Xue; Pekka Taskinen; Shenghai Yang; Chaobo Tang; Wei Jin; Yongming Chen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Sustainable phase-conversion method for antimony extraction and sulfur conservation and waste treatment at low temperature." Journal of Cleaner Production 268, no. : 121950.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Hydrometallurgy
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As the prevalent extraction technology of bismuth sulfide concentrate, the precipitation smelting process has disadvantages of SO2 emission and inefficient recovery of associated metals. Hydrometallurgical alternatives to traditional pyrometallurgical techniques have obtained continuously growing attention in recent years. In this paper, methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was proposed as the reaction medium to extract bismuth from bismuth sulfide concentrate under pressure leaching conditions. It was found that more than 95% of Bi could be leached out in 2.70 mol/L MSA + 28.6 g/L ferrous ion solution at 110 °C and 0.4 MPa oxygen pressure for 2 h. Cu and Fe from chalcopyrite and pyrite can be slightly leached out with ratio of 26.67% and 30.51%, respectively. Scheelite and molybdenite basically remained in the leaching residue. Galena was partially dissolved to generate lead ion and elemental sulfur, which could be further oxidized to sulfate as the leaching temperature and oxygen pressure raised, and then reacted with dissolved lead ion to form insoluble lead sulfate. The produced leaching residue was mainly composed of sulfur, lead sulphate, quartz, molybdenite, and unleached chalcopyrite and pyrite. Compared with the traditional FeCl3, HCl-NaClO3, HNO3 system, the proposed MSA medium is proved to be biodegradable, low toxic, less volatile, and thus has broad application prospects in bismuth green hydrometallurgy.

ACS Style

Henghui Wang; Shenghai Yang; Cong Chang; Xiaoyuan Zhou; Xinjie Deng; Jing He; Xingmin He; Yongming Chen. Direct oxidative pressure leaching of bismuth sulfide concentrate in methanesulfonic acid medium. Hydrometallurgy 2020, 194, 105347 .

AMA Style

Henghui Wang, Shenghai Yang, Cong Chang, Xiaoyuan Zhou, Xinjie Deng, Jing He, Xingmin He, Yongming Chen. Direct oxidative pressure leaching of bismuth sulfide concentrate in methanesulfonic acid medium. Hydrometallurgy. 2020; 194 ():105347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Henghui Wang; Shenghai Yang; Cong Chang; Xiaoyuan Zhou; Xinjie Deng; Jing He; Xingmin He; Yongming Chen. 2020. "Direct oxidative pressure leaching of bismuth sulfide concentrate in methanesulfonic acid medium." Hydrometallurgy 194, no. : 105347.

Conference paper
Published: 25 January 2020 in The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
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Lead-acid batteries contain a lot of valuable metals, such as lead, tin, copper, antimony, as well as waste plastic shells, and other harmful substances. Cleaner and efficient recycling of waste lead-acid batteries is of significance in environmental protection and comprehensive recycling of resources. In this study, oxygen-enriched side-blow pool smelting technique was developed and innovatively employed to recycle lead battery paste. This study investigated the reaction mechanism of lead recycling in lead paste–CaO–FeO–SiO2–C reaction system. Therefore, the phase transformation and evolution of lead paste in oxidizing atmosphere were described in detail. XRD and SEM-EDS analysis results indicated that the whole reaction evolution can be summarized as follows: PbO and PbS were formed from PbSO4 in a weak oxidizing atmosphere through the thermal decomposition and reduction reactions. Then, the lead oxide formed was combined with slag-forming components (CaO, SiO2, and FeC2O4 · 2H2O) to generate new oxides phase. As the temperature increases, metallic lead was extracted and recycled through the reactions between lead sulfide and the new-formed oxide phase.

ACS Style

Wei Jin; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Yafei Jie; Shufeng Liu; Xinjie Deng; Yan Xi; Di Chang; Fang Hu; Yun Li. Reaction Mechanism on a Novel Enhanced Smelting Technique for Lead-Acid Battery Paste Recycling. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series 2020, 961 -969.

AMA Style

Wei Jin, Shenghai Yang, Yongming Chen, Yafei Jie, Shufeng Liu, Xinjie Deng, Yan Xi, Di Chang, Fang Hu, Yun Li. Reaction Mechanism on a Novel Enhanced Smelting Technique for Lead-Acid Battery Paste Recycling. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. 2020; ():961-969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Jin; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Yafei Jie; Shufeng Liu; Xinjie Deng; Yan Xi; Di Chang; Fang Hu; Yun Li. 2020. "Reaction Mechanism on a Novel Enhanced Smelting Technique for Lead-Acid Battery Paste Recycling." The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series , no. : 961-969.

Conference paper
Published: 16 January 2020 in The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
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A novel sulfate roasting-water leaching method was proposed to selectively extract lithium from ternary spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Ternary spent LIBs were first pretreated by discharge, thermal treatment, crushing and sieving to separate active powder from Al foil and Cu foil. The mixture of active powder and Na2SO4 was roasted, and final leaching of the roasted product was done at 80 °C for 120 min with hot water. Detailed operating parameters were systematically investigated. The results showed that more than 85% of Li was selectively leached, while efficiencies of Ni, Co and Mn were <0.5%, under such the conditions as roasting temperature of 750 °C, 100 wt% Na2SO4 and roasting time of 90 min.

ACS Style

Chang Di; Chen Yongming; Xi Yan; Chang Cong; Jie Yafei; Hu Fang. Selective Recovery of Lithium from Ternary Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Sulfate Roasting-Water Leaching Process. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series 2020, 387 -395.

AMA Style

Chang Di, Chen Yongming, Xi Yan, Chang Cong, Jie Yafei, Hu Fang. Selective Recovery of Lithium from Ternary Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Sulfate Roasting-Water Leaching Process. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. 2020; ():387-395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Di; Chen Yongming; Xi Yan; Chang Cong; Jie Yafei; Hu Fang. 2020. "Selective Recovery of Lithium from Ternary Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Sulfate Roasting-Water Leaching Process." The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series , no. : 387-395.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2019 in Thermochimica Acta
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In this paper, thermal reaction behaviors and gas evolution characteristics of cathode electrodes separated from spent LiFePO4 batteries were systematically characterized using thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry analysis coupled with mass spectrometry equipped with electron ionization system (TG-DSC-EI-MS). TG-DSC-EI-MS analysis indicated tail gases were mainly released in a low-temperature range of 60-250 °C, which attributed to the hydrolysis and decomposition reactions of lithium salt electrolyte. Additionally, H2O, HF and CO2 were detected at the range of 380-600 °C, which responded to thermal decomposition of the binder. H2O and CO2 were the main gaseous products at around 520 °C, which might be released from the oxidation combustion reactions of the binder. At the same time, phase transformation of the cathode active material during thermal treatment was further investigated by SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD and Mössbauer spectrum analysis techniques. The results indicated LiFePO4 was oxidized to Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Fe2O3 during the heating process.

ACS Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Fang Hu; Yun Li; Longgang Ye; Duoqiang Zhao; Wei Jin; Cong Chang; Yanqing Lai; Yongming Chen. Gas evolution characterization and phase transformation during thermal treatment of cathode plates from spent LiFePO4 batteries. Thermochimica Acta 2019, 684, 178483 .

AMA Style

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Fang Hu, Yun Li, Longgang Ye, Duoqiang Zhao, Wei Jin, Cong Chang, Yanqing Lai, Yongming Chen. Gas evolution characterization and phase transformation during thermal treatment of cathode plates from spent LiFePO4 batteries. Thermochimica Acta. 2019; 684 ():178483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Fang Hu; Yun Li; Longgang Ye; Duoqiang Zhao; Wei Jin; Cong Chang; Yanqing Lai; Yongming Chen. 2019. "Gas evolution characterization and phase transformation during thermal treatment of cathode plates from spent LiFePO4 batteries." Thermochimica Acta 684, no. : 178483.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2019 in JOM
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This study proposed a cleaner pyrometallurgical lead-acid battery (LAB) recycling method for lead extraction and sulfur conservation without an excessive amount of SO2 generation. A reducing atmosphere was introduced to the lead paste recycling system to selectively reduce PbSO4 to PbS. At the same time, PbO and PbO2 components contained in the lead paste were also reduced to metallic Pb. Then, the intermediate PbS further reacted with a sulfur-fixing agent, typically Fe3O4, to generate PbO and FeS. Sulfur was transformed from PbSO4 to PbS and finally conserved as FeS. Thus, SO2 emissions and pollution were significantly eliminated. This work investigated the thermodynamic and experimental feasibility and phase conversion mechanism of this proposed method, the detailed lead extraction and sulfur fixing mechanisms were clarified, and the phase transformation and microstructural evolution processes were characterized. Additionally, a bench experiment of industrial, end-of-life LAB paste was conducted to detect the lead recovery and sulfur fixation efficiency.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Ari Jokilaakso. Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery for Lead Extraction with Sulfur Conservation. JOM 2019, 72, 3186 -3194.

AMA Style

Yun Li, Shenghai Yang, Pekka Taskinen, Jing He, Yongming Chen, Chaobo Tang, Ari Jokilaakso. Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery for Lead Extraction with Sulfur Conservation. JOM. 2019; 72 (9):3186-3194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Ari Jokilaakso. 2019. "Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery for Lead Extraction with Sulfur Conservation." JOM 72, no. 9: 3186-3194.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2019 in Metals
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This study proposes a cleaner lead-acid battery (LAB) paste and pyrite cinder (PyC) recycling method without excessive generation of SO2. PyCs were employed as sulfur-fixing reagents to conserve sulfur as condensed sulfides, which prevented SO2 emissions. In this work, the phase transformation mechanisms in a PbSO4-Na2CO3-Fe3O4-C reaction system were studied in detail. Furthermore, the co-treatment of spent LAB and PyCs was conducted to determine the optimal recycling conditions and to detect the influences of different processing parameters on lead recovery and sulfur fixation. In addition, a bench-scale experiment was carried out to confirm the feasibility and reliability of this novel process. The results reveal that the products were separated into three distinct layers: slag, ferrous matte, and crude lead. 98.3% of lead and 99% of silver in the feed materials were directly enriched in crude lead. Crude lead with purity of more than 98 wt.% (weight percent) was obtained by a one-step extraction. Lead contents in the produced matte and slag were below 2.7 wt.% and 0.6 wt.%, respectively. At the same time, 99.2% total sulfur was fixed and recovered.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Ari Jokilaakso. Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation. Metals 2019, 9, 911 .

AMA Style

Yun Li, Shenghai Yang, Pekka Taskinen, Yongming Chen, Chaobo Tang, Ari Jokilaakso. Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation. Metals. 2019; 9 (8):911.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Ari Jokilaakso. 2019. "Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation." Metals 9, no. 8: 911.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in JOM
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An innovative and environmentally friendly lead-acid battery paste recycling method is proposed. The reductive sulfur-fixing recycling technique was used to simultaneously extract lead and immobilize sulfur. SO2 emissions and pollution were significantly eliminated. In this work, the detailed lead extraction and sulfur-fixing mechanisms in the PbSO4-Fe3O4-Na2CO3-C system were investigated thermodynamically and experimentally, and the phase transformation and microstructural evolution processes characterized. In addition, a series of bench-scale pilot experiments were carried out to confirm the feasibility of the technique. The results show that the lead extraction and sulfur-fixing reactions followed the shrinking unreacted-core model. The recycling products were separated into three distinct layers: slag, matte, and crude lead bullion. Primary recoveries of 96.2% for lead and 98.9% for sulfur were obtained. The purity of the crude lead bullion was 98.6 wt.%. Sulfur was fixed in the solidified matte as FeS and NaFeS2.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Yuejun Wang; Ari Jokilaakso. Spent Lead-Acid Battery Recycling via Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting and Its Reaction Mechanism in the PbSO4-Fe3O4-Na2CO3-C System. JOM 2019, 71, 2368 -2379.

AMA Style

Yun Li, Shenghai Yang, Pekka Taskinen, Jing He, Yongming Chen, Chaobo Tang, Yuejun Wang, Ari Jokilaakso. Spent Lead-Acid Battery Recycling via Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting and Its Reaction Mechanism in the PbSO4-Fe3O4-Na2CO3-C System. JOM. 2019; 71 (7):2368-2379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Yuejun Wang; Ari Jokilaakso. 2019. "Spent Lead-Acid Battery Recycling via Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting and Its Reaction Mechanism in the PbSO4-Fe3O4-Na2CO3-C System." JOM 71, no. 7: 2368-2379.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2019 in Minerals
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A novel and cleaner process for lead and silver recycling from multiple lead-containing wastes, e.g., lead ash, lead sludge, lead slag, and ferric sludge, by reductive sulfur-fixing smelting was proposed. In this process, coke and iron-containing wastes were employed as reductive agent and sulfur-fixing agent, respectively. A Na2CO3-Na2SO4 mixture was added as flux. The feasibility of this process was detected from thermodynamic and experimental perspectives. The influence of Fe/SiO2 and CaO/SiO2, composition of the molten salt, coke addition, smelting temperature, and smelting time on direct Pb recovery and sulfur-fixation efficiency were investigated. The optimal process conditions were determined as follows: WCoke = 15% WPb wastes, W Na 2 CO 3 / W Na 2 SO 4 = 0.7/0.3, Fe/SiO2 = 1.10, CaO/SiO2 = 0.30, smelting temperature 1200 °C, and smelting time 2 h, where W represents weight. Under these optimum conditions, 92.4% Pb and 98.8% Ag were directly recovered in crude lead bullion in one step treatment, and total 98.6% sulfur was fixed. The generation and emissions of SO2 can be avoided. The main phases in ferrous matte obtained were FeS, NaFeS2, Fe2Zn3S5, and a little entrained Pb. The slag was a FeO-SiO2-CaO-Na2O quaternary melt.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Wenrong Lin; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Yuejun Wang; Junjie Shi; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Ari Jokilaakso. Cleaner Extraction of Lead from Complex Lead-Containing Wastes by Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting with Low SO2 Emission. Minerals 2019, 9, 119 .

AMA Style

Yun Li, Shenghai Yang, Wenrong Lin, Pekka Taskinen, Jing He, Yuejun Wang, Junjie Shi, Yongming Chen, Chaobo Tang, Ari Jokilaakso. Cleaner Extraction of Lead from Complex Lead-Containing Wastes by Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting with Low SO2 Emission. Minerals. 2019; 9 (2):119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Wenrong Lin; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Yuejun Wang; Junjie Shi; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Ari Jokilaakso. 2019. "Cleaner Extraction of Lead from Complex Lead-Containing Wastes by Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting with Low SO2 Emission." Minerals 9, no. 2: 119.

Conference paper
Published: 15 February 2019 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago
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The recovery of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFPBs) has significant meaning in resource recycling and environmental protection. In order to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on the spent LFPBs cathode plate, in this paper, the thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) of spent LFPBs cathode plate is researched. TG-DSC results indicate that two stages of weight losses and a stage of weight gain appear during the heating process with a weight change of −3.7, +1.0, and −2.4%. DSC curve showed two endothermic peaks at 165.6, 657.5 °C and two exothermic peaks at 475.6, 532.2 °C. XRD results indicate that LiFePO4 is oxidized to Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Fe2O3 during the heating process and the electrode material could be easily separated from aluminum foil due to the pyrolysis of the binder. SEM-EDS results indicate that the agglomeration degree of cathode powders decreased after the TG-DSC test, the mole fraction of C and F decreased from 23.98 and 7.03% to 1.06 and 0.32%, which was due to the pyrolysis of binders and conductive additive.

ACS Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Zhiqiang Liu; Fang Hu; Nannan Liu; Yanqing Lai. Research on Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimeter of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Cathode Plate. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago 2019, 401 -409.

AMA Style

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Yongming Chen, Zhiqiang Liu, Fang Hu, Nannan Liu, Yanqing Lai. Research on Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimeter of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Cathode Plate. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago. 2019; ():401-409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafei Jie; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen; Zhiqiang Liu; Fang Hu; Nannan Liu; Yanqing Lai. 2019. "Research on Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimeter of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Cathode Plate." Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago , no. : 401-409.

Conference paper
Published: 15 February 2019 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago
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Spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) contain lots of valuable metals such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium, together with organic solvents, binders, and other toxic materials. Therefore, recycling of spent LIBs is of great importance for comprehensive resource recovery and environmental protection. In this study, vacuum pyrolysis was used to dispose of the cathode sheets of LIBs. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and vacuum degree on the separation of cathode sheets and phase transition of valuable metal of cathode active powder were investigated in detail. The results showed that the effective separation of active powder and Al foil can be achieved under the optimized conditions of pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and a vacuum degree of 1000 Pa, and the recovery rate of cathode active powder reached 98.04%. In the temperature range of 450–650 °C, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the XRD patterns of the cathode active powder showed that the characteristic peak of Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 gradually weakened and eventually disappeared.

ACS Style

Weilun Li; Shenghai Yang; Nannan Liu; Yongming Chen; Yan Xi; Shuai Li; Yafei Jie; Fang Hu. Study on Vacuum Pyrolysis Process of Cathode Sheets from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago 2019, 421 -435.

AMA Style

Weilun Li, Shenghai Yang, Nannan Liu, Yongming Chen, Yan Xi, Shuai Li, Yafei Jie, Fang Hu. Study on Vacuum Pyrolysis Process of Cathode Sheets from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago. 2019; ():421-435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weilun Li; Shenghai Yang; Nannan Liu; Yongming Chen; Yan Xi; Shuai Li; Yafei Jie; Fang Hu. 2019. "Study on Vacuum Pyrolysis Process of Cathode Sheets from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago , no. : 421-435.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2019 in Royal Society Open Science
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In order to identify a volatile metallo-organic precursor for the deposition of hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) films for atomic layer deposition (ALD) applications, the evaporative properties of hafnium alkoxides (hafnium isopropoxide, hafnium n -propoxide and hafnium n -butoxide) were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. These hafnium alkoxide samples were synthesized by the electrochemical method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and inductively coupled plasma analysis techniques. The characterization results indicated that the products were 99.997% high-purity hafnium alkoxides and could meet the requirement of purity considering the usage of making HfO 2 gate oxide by ALD. Synthesized samples were subjected to a simultaneous thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis unit at 10 K min −1 in a dry nitrogen atmosphere flowing at 100 ml min −1 . Benzoic acid was used to calculate a calibration constant, which could then be inserted into a modified Langmuir equation to calculate vapour pressure curves for hafnium isopropoxide and hafnium n -propoxide. Detailed vapour pressure data for the HfO 2 precursor hafnium alkoxides were determined. The vapour pressure curve of hafnium isopropoxide was constructed within the first stage, and calculated to be ln p = 31.157 (±0.200)−13130.57 (±56.50)/T. Hafnium n -propoxide and hafnium n -butoxide were simultaneously undergoing evaporation and decomposition, thus making calculations invalid.

ACS Style

Changhong Wang; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen. Determination of the vapour pressure curves and vaporization enthalpies of hafnium alkoxides using thermogravimetric analysis. Royal Society Open Science 2019, 6, 181193 .

AMA Style

Changhong Wang, Shenghai Yang, Yongming Chen. Determination of the vapour pressure curves and vaporization enthalpies of hafnium alkoxides using thermogravimetric analysis. Royal Society Open Science. 2019; 6 (1):181193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Changhong Wang; Shenghai Yang; Yongming Chen. 2019. "Determination of the vapour pressure curves and vaporization enthalpies of hafnium alkoxides using thermogravimetric analysis." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1: 181193.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This study proposes an innovative and environment-friendly method for recycling spent lead-acid batteries without SO2 generation. Iron-containing waste was employed as a sulfur-fixing agent to retain sulfur as ferrous matte, which eliminated the generation and emissions of gaseous SO2. This work investigated the thermodynamic and experimental feasibility and conversion mechanism of the method, and evaluated its industrial applicability. A bench-scale test showed direct recoveries of 93.5 % and 97.7% in crude lead and ferrous matte for lead and sulfur, respectively. The phase transformation mechanism study indicated that metallic lead from the lead paste was extracted mainly through the sequence of PbSO4PbSPbO. Sulfur in PbSO4 was thus first transferred to PbS and finally fixed as FeS. An industrial-scale pilot campaign was also conducted to confirm the feasibility and reliability of the new process.

ACS Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Fangwen Liao; Rongbo Zhu; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Yuejun Wang; Ari Jokilaakso. Novel recycling process for lead-acid battery paste without SO2 generation - Reaction mechanism and industrial pilot campaign. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 217, 162 -171.

AMA Style

Yun Li, Shenghai Yang, Pekka Taskinen, Jing He, Fangwen Liao, Rongbo Zhu, Yongming Chen, Chaobo Tang, Yuejun Wang, Ari Jokilaakso. Novel recycling process for lead-acid battery paste without SO2 generation - Reaction mechanism and industrial pilot campaign. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 217 ():162-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Li; Shenghai Yang; Pekka Taskinen; Jing He; Fangwen Liao; Rongbo Zhu; Yongming Chen; Chaobo Tang; Yuejun Wang; Ari Jokilaakso. 2019. "Novel recycling process for lead-acid battery paste without SO2 generation - Reaction mechanism and industrial pilot campaign." Journal of Cleaner Production 217, no. : 162-171.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2019 in Metals
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In this research, some experimental steps were investigated to recover zinc contained in crude zinc oxide (C.Z.O.). In the first stage, the C.Z.O. was treated in NH3–NH4Cl–H2O solution to dissolve the metals. The optimized leaching conditions in batch experiments were obtained: agitation speed 250 rpm, concentration of ammonia and ammonium chloride 2.5 mol/L and 5 mol/L, respectively, time 30min, temperature 40 °C, and L/S = 6 mL/g. The extraction percentage of zinc was over 81% under the optimized leaching conditions. The kinetic study indicates that zinc extraction from the C.Z.O particles was very rapid. In the second stage, the solution from the leaching process was purified by adding zinc dust to the solution. The Cu, Cd, Pb, Sb, and As could be reduced to levels of 0.03, 0.09, 0.87, 0.22, and 0.12 mg/L after the purification process. Finally, the electrowinning process was used to recover dissolved Zn from the final solution. The zinc content in the electrowon zinc was more than 99.99%.

ACS Style

Shenghai Yang; Duoqiang Zhao; Yafei Jie; Chaobo Tang; Jing He; Yongming Chen. Hydrometallurgical Process for Zinc Recovery from C.Z.O. Generated by the Steelmaking Industry with Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Solution. Metals 2019, 9, 83 .

AMA Style

Shenghai Yang, Duoqiang Zhao, Yafei Jie, Chaobo Tang, Jing He, Yongming Chen. Hydrometallurgical Process for Zinc Recovery from C.Z.O. Generated by the Steelmaking Industry with Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Solution. Metals. 2019; 9 (1):83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shenghai Yang; Duoqiang Zhao; Yafei Jie; Chaobo Tang; Jing He; Yongming Chen. 2019. "Hydrometallurgical Process for Zinc Recovery from C.Z.O. Generated by the Steelmaking Industry with Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Solution." Metals 9, no. 1: 83.