As direct effector cells for osteogenesis, osteoblastic cells are commonly used for evaluating the in vitro osteogenic capacity of bone biomaterials, and the traditional biological principle for developing bone biomaterials is to directly stimulate osteogenic differentiation. With this principle, most efforts are currently spent on optimizing the bio-mechanical and physicochemical properties to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. This strategy has achieved certain success in the development of bone biomaterials; however, inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo studies are not uncommon, implying the mechanisms that govern the material's capacity to mediate osteogenesis is not well-understood. Osteoimmunology has revealed the vital role of immune cells in regulating bone dynamics. Neglecting the importance of the immune response is a major shortcoming of the traditional strategy, and may explain inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo conditions. Here, we proposed osteoimmunomodulation (OIM) in recognition of the importance of the immune response during biomaterial-mediated osteogenesis. Accordingly, we proposed the paradigm shift of bone biomaterials to an osteoimmunomodulatory material and discussed the evaluation strategy for the osteoimmunomodulation property of bone biomaterials. It is the ambition of authors that this review will change traditional methods for bone biomaterials assessment and assist in developing new bone biomaterials with the osteoimmunomodulatory property for orthopedic and dental applications

Research results on the effects of land cover change on water resources vary greatly and the topic remains controversial. Here we use published data worldwide to examine the validity of Fuh’s equation, which relates annual water yield (R) to a wetness index (precipitation/potential evapotranspiration; P/PET) and watershed characteristics (m). We identify two critical values at P/PET=1 and m=2. m plays a more important role than P/PET when m2. When P/PET1, suggesting that any land cover changes in non-humid regions (P/PET<1) or in watersheds of low water retention capacity (m<2) can lead to greater hydrological responses. m significantly correlates with forest coverage, watershed slope and watershed area. This global pattern has far-reaching significance in studying and managing hydrological responses to land cover and climate changes.