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Professor at Universidad del Rosario, Colombia. I am a Doctor in Ecology and MSc in Remote Sensing with large interests in applied Earth Observation and geospatial analysis. My current research interests are focused on: spatial modelling of ecological indicators from EO data; information extraction from remote sensing images; ecosystem services mapping & analysis. I am also active in the conservation policy discussion. KEYWORDS: remote sensing; land-cover change, habitat connectivity and fragmentation, habitat mapping, spatial indicators, Earth Observation, ecosystem services.
Few studies analyze people’s preferences for ecosystem services (ES), disservices (ED) and drivers of change in less populated, tropical municipalities. Understanding such preferences and needs by the community and stakeholder groups before actually assessing, modelling, and measuring the supply of ES is key for decision-making and planning in municipalities, as well as for the conservation of nearby neotropical dry forests. We studied these dynamics in a small rural municipality in Colombia with limited data availability using semi-structured interviews and surveys, as well as ES-proxies and geospatial analyses. We then analyzed the supply and importance of two community identified ES and one ED from adjacent neotropical dry forests during 2005–2017. We found that respondents recognized air purification and food production as the most important ES. Increased temperatures and fires were the most important ED, while fires were also identified as an important driver of change. Air purification, via pollutant deposition to forest cover, remained approximately constant (116 ton/year), while food production (49 ton/ha) and fire occurrence, an ED, increased. Findings show how transdisciplinary research and participatory knowledge co-production among local communities, researchers and land management institutions can improve governance, decision making, policy uptake and planning efforts.
Yuli Tovar Tique; Francisco Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality. Forests 2021, 12, 919 .
AMA StyleYuli Tovar Tique, Francisco Escobedo, Nicola Clerici. Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality. Forests. 2021; 12 (7):919.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuli Tovar Tique; Francisco Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. 2021. "Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality." Forests 12, no. 7: 919.
Riparian zones (RZs) are transitional environments at the interface between land and freshwater ecosystems, which are important in terms of socioecological services. In this work, we report a bibliometric-based analysis to unveil the knowledge structure and actors of scientific production on riparian zones for the first 20 years of the 21st century. We performed a literature search, querying for riparian zones publications for the period 2001–2020. The selected 1171 bibliographic records were analyzed by extracting several bibliometric indices of reporting tendencies, location, collaboration dynamics, and top topics. Results show that RZs publications increased considerably from 2001 to 2020, and top journals publishing on the subject are from the water, environmental management, and ecology areas. The US, China, Brazil, and Canada were the most productive countries, while the institutions with higher productivity were the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Oregon University. In terms of impact, the US, Canada, and Australia led in citation number, while the country collaboration network showed that the strongest links occur between China and the US. Our results also show that few studies were produced in low-middle income countries, which suggests a need to funnel international funding to study riparian environments in these geographical contexts. According to analysis of frequency, top topics are related to water quality and focused on lotic environments. We here present the main knowledge structure of RZs studies globally for the first 20 years of the XXI century.
Sara Pedraza; Nicola Clerici; Jennifer Zuluaga Gaviria; Adriana Sanchez. Global Research on Riparian Zones in the XXI Century: A Bibliometric Analysis. Water 2021, 13, 1836 .
AMA StyleSara Pedraza, Nicola Clerici, Jennifer Zuluaga Gaviria, Adriana Sanchez. Global Research on Riparian Zones in the XXI Century: A Bibliometric Analysis. Water. 2021; 13 (13):1836.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pedraza; Nicola Clerici; Jennifer Zuluaga Gaviria; Adriana Sanchez. 2021. "Global Research on Riparian Zones in the XXI Century: A Bibliometric Analysis." Water 13, no. 13: 1836.
Tropical deforestation is mainly driven by agricultural expansion, land grabbing, illegal logging, urbanization, cattle ranching as well as mining. However, extraction of minerals and its impacts in high biodiversity regions are still poorly known, particularly in Colombia, a tropical megadiverse hotspot. Here, using high-resolution datasets of forest cover changes and detailed geospatial mining data for Colombia, we show a growing contribution of legal mining to national deforestation: 3.4% over the 2001-2018 period, with a peak at 5.6% in 2017. During this period, around 121'819 ha have been deforested inside legal mining concessions, and an estimation of over 400´000 ha deforested by both legal and illegal. Gold and coal are the most important legally-mined materials in Colombia associated to deforestation, particularly in the recent years with 511% and 257% tree cover loss increases respectively (average over 2016-2018 compared to 2001-2015 average of mined material deforestation average). Three Colombian departments summed out ~70% of the national deforestation occurring in legal concessions: in 2018, up to 23% of deforestation in Antioquia was taking place in legal mines (gold producer). Finally, we found that only 1% (respectively, 3%) of the concessions contribute to 60% (>90%) of the legal mining-related deforestation, mainly driven by large clearings to agriculture. Environmental law enforcement, monitoring activities and engaging the mining industry in effective forest conservation and landscape restoration strategies are urgently needed in Colombia for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Andrés Fernando Gonzalez-Gonzalez; Nicola Clerici; Benjamin Quesada. Growing mining contribution to Colombian deforestation. Environmental Research Letters 2021, 16, 064046 .
AMA StyleAndrés Fernando Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Nicola Clerici, Benjamin Quesada. Growing mining contribution to Colombian deforestation. Environmental Research Letters. 2021; 16 (6):064046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrés Fernando Gonzalez-Gonzalez; Nicola Clerici; Benjamin Quesada. 2021. "Growing mining contribution to Colombian deforestation." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 6: 064046.
Characterizing and managing deforestation are some of the most urgent environmental challenges in the tropics. Forest loss depends on multiple drivers that relate to ecological and socio-economic conditions, and varies significantly in time and space. Understanding the causes and potential consequences of forest loss in a region, requires detailed knowledge of the spatial and temporal behavior of deforestation drivers. This is especially important in Colombia, a country with an immense geographical, ecological and cultural diversity. In this work we use a spatially-explicit modeling platform to identify the influence of multiple deforestation drivers in different biogeographical and planning regions of Colombia. Models were used to produce different deforestation scenarios, resulting in contrasting trends. Results suggest that agricultural activities have a significant role in deforestation in Colombia, although its influence largely varies among regions. Notably, the long-lasting internal conflict in the country, indicated here by a proxy variable, produced contrasting effects on historical deforestation, such that in some areas it acted as an attractor and in some others as a deterrent of deforestation. Our scenarios for the mid-21st century indicate that current trends in deforestation and its drivers (except the internal conflict due to a recent peace agreement) can potentially lead to major ecological impacts, such as fragmentation and loss of connectivity among ecosystems. In the Governance scenario, however, enforcement of conservation in protected areas ensures partial forest conservation, highlighting the key relevance of these areas for biodiversity conservation in the country and for controlling the expansion of deforestation. Given the high spatial and temporal variability of deforestation, and that the same drivers can lead to different responses in different geographic areas, decision-making needs a more efficient approach for designing locally-adapted measurements to face current challenges of conservation and management of forests and their services.
Andrés González-González; Juan Camilo Villegas; Nicola Clerici; Juan Fernando Salazar. Spatial-temporal dynamics of deforestation and its drivers indicate need for locally-adapted environmental governance in Colombia. Ecological Indicators 2021, 126, 107695 .
AMA StyleAndrés González-González, Juan Camilo Villegas, Nicola Clerici, Juan Fernando Salazar. Spatial-temporal dynamics of deforestation and its drivers indicate need for locally-adapted environmental governance in Colombia. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 126 ():107695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrés González-González; Juan Camilo Villegas; Nicola Clerici; Juan Fernando Salazar. 2021. "Spatial-temporal dynamics of deforestation and its drivers indicate need for locally-adapted environmental governance in Colombia." Ecological Indicators 126, no. : 107695.
Framing environmental issues in a sustainability context requires that we highlight the interdependencies between ecological, social and economic factors. Accordingly, the socio-ecological system (SES), which emphasizes the interplay between environmental and social dynamics, seems to be the appropriate framework for analysis. We applied this view to explore issues concerning the conservation of the remnant forests of the peri‑urban area of Bogota (Colombia). Specifically, we characterized this territory as a SES through a parsimonious set of fundamental, across-domain variables. Using elicitation-based information we reconstructed interactions between these variables so that their interactive network could be visualized as alternative signed digraphs. We analyzed these models by Loop Analysis to show that exploiting the structure of the interactions may help disentangling causative mechanisms for the response of remnant forests and other components of this SES to natural events (loss of soil fertility), policies (subsidizing industrial production) and social events (internal migration, social activism) that we assumed as potential drivers of change. Our results highlight that integrating ecological and social variables in a unique interactive network can reveal important causal linkages that make remnant forests unexpectedly vulnerable to certain drivers but also that unexpected beneficial effects may occur, clarifying why same drivers of change can be responsible for both deforestation and forest regrowth. Overall, the analysis reveals that trade-offs between desirable ecological and social outcomes are the rule and that potential win-win outcomes across the triple-bottom line of the sustainable development paradigm are difficult to achieve.
Maykol Rodriguez; Antonio Bodini; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. Analyzing socio-ecological interactions through qualitative modeling: Forest conservation and implications for sustainability in the peri‑urban bogota (Colombia). Ecological Modelling 2020, 439, 109344 .
AMA StyleMaykol Rodriguez, Antonio Bodini, Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici. Analyzing socio-ecological interactions through qualitative modeling: Forest conservation and implications for sustainability in the peri‑urban bogota (Colombia). Ecological Modelling. 2020; 439 ():109344.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaykol Rodriguez; Antonio Bodini; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. 2020. "Analyzing socio-ecological interactions through qualitative modeling: Forest conservation and implications for sustainability in the peri‑urban bogota (Colombia)." Ecological Modelling 439, no. : 109344.
Paramo ecosystems are tropical alpine grasslands, located above 3000 m.a.s.l. in the Andean mountain range. Their unique vegetation and soil characteristics, in combination with low temperature and abundant precipitation, create the most advantageous conditions for regulating and storing surface and groundwater. However, increasing temperatures and changing patterns of precipitation due to greenhouse-gas-emission climate change are threatening these fragile environments. In this study, we used regional observations and downscaled data for precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature during the reference period 1960–1990 and simulations for the future period 2041–2060 to study the present and future extents of paramo ecosystems in the Chingaza National Park (CNP), nearby Colombia’s capital city, Bogotá. The historical data were used for establishing upper and lower precipitation and temperature boundaries to determine the locations where paramo ecosystems currently thrive. Our results found that increasing mean monthly temperatures and changing precipitation will render 39 to 52% of the current paramo extent in CNP unsuitable for these ecosystems during the dry season, and 13 to 34% during the wet season. The greatest loss of paramo area will occur during the dry season and for the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario 8.5, when both temperature and precipitation boundaries are more prone to be exceeded. Although our initial estimates show the future impact on paramos and the water security of Bogotá due to climate change, complex internal and external interactions in paramo ecosystems make it essential to study other influencing climatic parameters (e.g., soil, topography, wind, etc.) apart from temperature and precipitation.
Matilda Cresso; Nicola Clerici; Adriana Sanchez; Fernando Jaramillo. Future Climate Change Renders Unsuitable Conditions for Paramo Ecosystems in Colombia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8373 .
AMA StyleMatilda Cresso, Nicola Clerici, Adriana Sanchez, Fernando Jaramillo. Future Climate Change Renders Unsuitable Conditions for Paramo Ecosystems in Colombia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatilda Cresso; Nicola Clerici; Adriana Sanchez; Fernando Jaramillo. 2020. "Future Climate Change Renders Unsuitable Conditions for Paramo Ecosystems in Colombia." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8373.
High Andean forests are biodiversity hotspots that also play key roles in the provisioning of vital ecosystem services for neighboring cities. In past centuries, the hinterland of Andean fast-growing cities often experienced a dramatic decline in forested areas, but there are reports that forest cover has been recovering recently. We analyzed aerial imagery spanning the years 1940 to 2007 from nine administrative localities in the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia in order to elucidate precise patterns of forest vegetation change. To this aim, we performed image object-based classification by means of texture analysis and image segmentation. We then derived connectivity metrics to investigate whether forest cover trajectories showed an increase or decrease in fragmentation and landscape degradation. We observed a forest cover recovery in all the examined localities, except one. In general, forest recovery was accompanied by an increase in core habitat areas. The time scale of the positive trends identified partially coincides with the creation of protected areas in the region, which very likely furthered the recovery of forest patches. This study unveils the long-term dynamics of peri-urban high Andean forest cover, providing valuable information on historical vegetation changes in a highly dynamic landscape.
Mariasole Calbi; Nicola Clerici; Thomas Borsch; Grischa Brokamp. Reconstructing Long Term High Andean Forest Dynamics Using Historical Aerial Imagery: A Case Study in Colombia. Forests 2020, 11, 788 .
AMA StyleMariasole Calbi, Nicola Clerici, Thomas Borsch, Grischa Brokamp. Reconstructing Long Term High Andean Forest Dynamics Using Historical Aerial Imagery: A Case Study in Colombia. Forests. 2020; 11 (8):788.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariasole Calbi; Nicola Clerici; Thomas Borsch; Grischa Brokamp. 2020. "Reconstructing Long Term High Andean Forest Dynamics Using Historical Aerial Imagery: A Case Study in Colombia." Forests 11, no. 8: 788.
Protected areas (PAs) are a foundational and essential strategy for reducing biodiversity loss. However, many PAs around the world exist on paper only; thus, while logging and habitat conversion may be banned in these areas, illegal activities often continue to cause alarming habitat destruction. In such cases, the presence of armed conflict may ultimately prevent incursions to a greater extent than the absence of conflict. Although there are several reports of habitat destruction following cessation of conflict, there has never been a systematic and quantitative “before-and-after-conflict” analysis of a large sample of PAs and surrounding areas. Here we report the results of such a study in Colombia, using an open-access global forest change dataset. By analysing 39 PAs over three years before and after Colombia’s peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), we found a dramatic and highly significant increase in the deforestation rate for the majority of these areas and their buffer zones. We discuss the reasons behind such findings from the Colombian case, and debate some general conservation lessons applicable to other countries undergoing post-conflict transitions.
N. Clerici; D. Armenteras; P. Kareiva; R. Botero; J. P. Ramírez-Delgado; G. Forero-Medina; J. Ochoa; C. Pedraza; L. Schneider; C. Lora; C. Gómez; M. Linares; Claire Hirashiki; D. Biggs. Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -10.
AMA StyleN. Clerici, D. Armenteras, P. Kareiva, R. Botero, J. P. Ramírez-Delgado, G. Forero-Medina, J. Ochoa, C. Pedraza, L. Schneider, C. Lora, C. Gómez, M. Linares, Claire Hirashiki, D. Biggs. Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Clerici; D. Armenteras; P. Kareiva; R. Botero; J. P. Ramírez-Delgado; G. Forero-Medina; J. Ochoa; C. Pedraza; L. Schneider; C. Lora; C. Gómez; M. Linares; Claire Hirashiki; D. Biggs. 2020. "Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-10.
The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper
Fernando Jaramillo; Amanda Desormeaux; Johanna Hedlund; James W. Jawitz; Nicola Clerici; Luigi Piemontese; Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez; Jesús Adolfo Anaya; Juan F. Blanco-Libreros; Sonia Borja; Jorge Celi; Sergey Chalov; Kwok Pan Chun; Matilda Cresso; Georgia Destouni; Shimelis Behailu Dessu; Giuliano Di Baldassarre; Andrea Downing; Luisa Espinosa; Navid Ghajarnia; Pierre Girard; Álvaro G. Gutiérrez; Amy Hansen; Tengfei Hu; Jerker Jarsjö; Zahra Kalantari; Adnane Labbaci; Lucia Licero-Villanueva; John Livsey; Ewa Machotka; Kathryn McCurley; Sebastián Palomino-Ángel; Jan Pietron; René Price; Sorain J. Ramchunder; Constanza Ricaurte-Villota; Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte; Lula Dahir; Erasmo Rodríguez; Jorge Salgado; A. Britta K. Sannel; Ana Carolina Santos; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Ylva Sjöberg; Lian Sun; Josefin Thorslund; Guillaume Vigouroux; Lan Wang-Erlandsson; Diandian Xu; David Zamora; Alan D. Ziegler; Imenne Åhlén. Correction: Jaramillo, F.; et al. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619. Water 2019, 12, 88 .
AMA StyleFernando Jaramillo, Amanda Desormeaux, Johanna Hedlund, James W. Jawitz, Nicola Clerici, Luigi Piemontese, Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez, Jesús Adolfo Anaya, Juan F. Blanco-Libreros, Sonia Borja, Jorge Celi, Sergey Chalov, Kwok Pan Chun, Matilda Cresso, Georgia Destouni, Shimelis Behailu Dessu, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Andrea Downing, Luisa Espinosa, Navid Ghajarnia, Pierre Girard, Álvaro G. Gutiérrez, Amy Hansen, Tengfei Hu, Jerker Jarsjö, Zahra Kalantari, Adnane Labbaci, Lucia Licero-Villanueva, John Livsey, Ewa Machotka, Kathryn McCurley, Sebastián Palomino-Ángel, Jan Pietron, René Price, Sorain J. Ramchunder, Constanza Ricaurte-Villota, Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte, Lula Dahir, Erasmo Rodríguez, Jorge Salgado, A. Britta K. Sannel, Ana Carolina Santos, Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Ylva Sjöberg, Lian Sun, Josefin Thorslund, Guillaume Vigouroux, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Diandian Xu, David Zamora, Alan D. Ziegler, Imenne Åhlén. Correction: Jaramillo, F.; et al. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619. Water. 2019; 12 (1):88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Jaramillo; Amanda Desormeaux; Johanna Hedlund; James W. Jawitz; Nicola Clerici; Luigi Piemontese; Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez; Jesús Adolfo Anaya; Juan F. Blanco-Libreros; Sonia Borja; Jorge Celi; Sergey Chalov; Kwok Pan Chun; Matilda Cresso; Georgia Destouni; Shimelis Behailu Dessu; Giuliano Di Baldassarre; Andrea Downing; Luisa Espinosa; Navid Ghajarnia; Pierre Girard; Álvaro G. Gutiérrez; Amy Hansen; Tengfei Hu; Jerker Jarsjö; Zahra Kalantari; Adnane Labbaci; Lucia Licero-Villanueva; John Livsey; Ewa Machotka; Kathryn McCurley; Sebastián Palomino-Ángel; Jan Pietron; René Price; Sorain J. Ramchunder; Constanza Ricaurte-Villota; Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte; Lula Dahir; Erasmo Rodríguez; Jorge Salgado; A. Britta K. Sannel; Ana Carolina Santos; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Ylva Sjöberg; Lian Sun; Josefin Thorslund; Guillaume Vigouroux; Lan Wang-Erlandsson; Diandian Xu; David Zamora; Alan D. Ziegler; Imenne Åhlén. 2019. "Correction: Jaramillo, F.; et al. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619." Water 12, no. 1: 88.
Climate change can have marked effects on ecosystem service (ES) provision in the Andes, particularly in peri-urban areas. In addition to global-change related processes, cumulative effects such as changing socio-political dynamics, environmental policies, and conflicts are also changing type and magnitude of land use–land cover (LULC) dynamics in the Colombian Andes. Studies in the region have investigated the effects of LULC change, deforestation and extreme climatic events on the hydrology of watersheds and carbon sequestration. Yet, less is known on how the cumulative effects of climate and LULC changes will drive water yield and carbon sequestration. To investigate these cumulative effects, we study two different watersheds near Bogota, Colombia and their ES for the period 2016–2046. We use IPCC-LULC scenarios, expert elicitation, hydro-meteorological data, and integrated modelling using temporal LULC change and ESs valuation models to parse out effects of LULC versus climate change on two representative ESs. Our results show forest and shrublands remain stable during the analysis period. However, urban conversion of agricultural pastures is substantial. We found that climate change scenarios had greater effect on water yield and supply than LULC scenarios in both watersheds. However, carbon sequestration was greater in rural forest and shrubland areas farther from Bogota. In contrast to current land use zoning being promoted by local elected officials, our findings indicate that land-use development and policies in near-urban basins need to minimize urbanization in agriculture and pasture LULCs, as these can have substantial effects on water yield. Similarly, land use polices in ex-urban areas need to conserve forested and shrubland areas to maximize their carbon offset potential. Collectively, our results highlight the need to incorporate climate change conditions in decision making and land use planning processes, in order to maintain the capacity of ecosystems, both urban and rural, to provide services to society.
Nicola Clerici; Fabian Cote-Navarro; Francisco J. Escobedo; Kristian Rubiano; Juan Camilo Villegas. Spatio-temporal and cumulative effects of land use-land cover and climate change on two ecosystem services in the Colombian Andes. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 685, 1181 -1192.
AMA StyleNicola Clerici, Fabian Cote-Navarro, Francisco J. Escobedo, Kristian Rubiano, Juan Camilo Villegas. Spatio-temporal and cumulative effects of land use-land cover and climate change on two ecosystem services in the Colombian Andes. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 685 ():1181-1192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Clerici; Fabian Cote-Navarro; Francisco J. Escobedo; Kristian Rubiano; Juan Camilo Villegas. 2019. "Spatio-temporal and cumulative effects of land use-land cover and climate change on two ecosystem services in the Colombian Andes." Science of The Total Environment 685, no. : 1181-1192.
One of the major pedological changes produced by wildfires is the drastic modification of forest soil systems properties. To our knowledge, large research gaps are currently present concerning the effect of such fires on forest Haplic Luvisols soils in Central Europe. In this study, the effects of experimental fires on soil organic matter and chemical properties at different burning intensities in a Central European forest were examined. The study was conducted at Damak Forest, in Hungary, ecosystem dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees, including the rare Hungarian oak Quercus frainetto Ten. The experimental fires were carried out in nine different plots on Haplic Luvisol soils transferred from Damak Forest to the burning site. Three types of fuel load were collected from the forest: litter layer, understorey and overstorey. Groups of three plots were burned at low (litter layer), medium intensity (litter and understorey) and high intensity (litter, understorey and overstorey). Pre-fire and post-fire soil samples were taken from each plot, analysed in the laboratory and statistically compared. Key plant nutrients of organic matter, carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were analysed from each sample. No significant differences in soil organic matter and carbon between pre- and post-fire samples were observed, but high intensity fires did increase soil pH significantly. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus availability increased significantly at all fire intensity levels. Soil potassium levels significantly decreased (ca. 50%) for all intensity treatments, in contrast to most literature. Potassium is a key nutrient for ion transport in plants, and any loss of this nutrient from the soil could have significant effects on local agricultural production. Overall, our findings provide evidence that support the maintaining of the current Hungarian fire prevention policy.
Jack M. Bridges; George P. Petropoulos; Nicola Clerici. Immediate Changes in Organic Matter and Plant Available Nutrients of Haplic Luvisol Soils Following Different Experimental Burning Intensities in Damak Forest, Hungary. Forests 2019, 10, 453 .
AMA StyleJack M. Bridges, George P. Petropoulos, Nicola Clerici. Immediate Changes in Organic Matter and Plant Available Nutrients of Haplic Luvisol Soils Following Different Experimental Burning Intensities in Damak Forest, Hungary. Forests. 2019; 10 (5):453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJack M. Bridges; George P. Petropoulos; Nicola Clerici. 2019. "Immediate Changes in Organic Matter and Plant Available Nutrients of Haplic Luvisol Soils Following Different Experimental Burning Intensities in Damak Forest, Hungary." Forests 10, no. 5: 453.
Wetlands are often vital physical and social components of a country’s natural capital, as well as providers of ecosystem services to local and national communities. We performed a network analysis to prioritize Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for sustainable development in iconic wetlands and wetlandscapes around the world. The analysis was based on the information and perceptions on 45 wetlandscapes worldwide by 49 wetland researchers of the Global Wetland Ecohydrological Network (GWEN). We identified three 2030 Agenda targets of high priority across the wetlandscapes needed to achieve sustainable development: Target 6.3—“Improve water quality”; 2.4—“Sustainable food production”; and 12.2—“Sustainable management of resources”. Moreover, we found specific feedback mechanisms and synergies between SDG targets in the context of wetlands. The most consistent reinforcing interactions were the influence of Target 12.2 on 8.4—“Efficient resource consumption”; and that of Target 6.3 on 12.2. The wetlandscapes could be differentiated in four bundles of distinctive priority SDG-targets: “Basic human needs”, “Sustainable tourism”, “Environmental impact in urban wetlands”, and “Improving and conserving environment”. In general, we find that the SDG groups, targets, and interactions stress that maintaining good water quality and a “wise use” of wetlandscapes are vital to attaining sustainable development within these sensitive ecosystems.
Fernando Jaramillo; Amanda Desormeaux; Johanna Hedlund; James W. Jawitz; Nicola Clerici; Luigi Piemontese; Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez; Jesús Adolfo Anaya; Juan F. Blanco-Libreros; Sonia Borja; Jorge Celi; Sergey Chalov; Kwok Pan Chun; Matilda Cresso; Georgia Destouni; Shimelis Behailu Dessu; Giuliano Di Baldassarre; Andrea Downing; Luisa Espinosa; Navid Ghajarnia; Pierre Girard; Álvaro G. Gutiérrez; Amy Hansen; Tengfei Hu; Jerker Jarsjö; Zahra Kalantari; Adnane Labbaci; Lucia Licero-Villanueva; John Livsey; Ewa Machotka; Kathryn McCurley; Sebastián Palomino-Ángel; Jan Pietron; René Price; Sorain J. Ramchunder; Constanza Ricaurte-Villota; Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte; Lula Dahir; Erasmo Rodríguez; Jorge Salgado; A. Britta K. Sannel; Ana Carolina Santos; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Ylva Sjöberg; Lian Sun; Josefin Thorslund; Guillaume Vigouroux; Lan Wang-Erlandsson; Diandian Xu; David Zamora; Alan D. Ziegler; Imenne Åhlén. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619 .
AMA StyleFernando Jaramillo, Amanda Desormeaux, Johanna Hedlund, James W. Jawitz, Nicola Clerici, Luigi Piemontese, Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez, Jesús Adolfo Anaya, Juan F. Blanco-Libreros, Sonia Borja, Jorge Celi, Sergey Chalov, Kwok Pan Chun, Matilda Cresso, Georgia Destouni, Shimelis Behailu Dessu, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Andrea Downing, Luisa Espinosa, Navid Ghajarnia, Pierre Girard, Álvaro G. Gutiérrez, Amy Hansen, Tengfei Hu, Jerker Jarsjö, Zahra Kalantari, Adnane Labbaci, Lucia Licero-Villanueva, John Livsey, Ewa Machotka, Kathryn McCurley, Sebastián Palomino-Ángel, Jan Pietron, René Price, Sorain J. Ramchunder, Constanza Ricaurte-Villota, Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte, Lula Dahir, Erasmo Rodríguez, Jorge Salgado, A. Britta K. Sannel, Ana Carolina Santos, Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Ylva Sjöberg, Lian Sun, Josefin Thorslund, Guillaume Vigouroux, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Diandian Xu, David Zamora, Alan D. Ziegler, Imenne Åhlén. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water. 2019; 11 (3):619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Jaramillo; Amanda Desormeaux; Johanna Hedlund; James W. Jawitz; Nicola Clerici; Luigi Piemontese; Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez; Jesús Adolfo Anaya; Juan F. Blanco-Libreros; Sonia Borja; Jorge Celi; Sergey Chalov; Kwok Pan Chun; Matilda Cresso; Georgia Destouni; Shimelis Behailu Dessu; Giuliano Di Baldassarre; Andrea Downing; Luisa Espinosa; Navid Ghajarnia; Pierre Girard; Álvaro G. Gutiérrez; Amy Hansen; Tengfei Hu; Jerker Jarsjö; Zahra Kalantari; Adnane Labbaci; Lucia Licero-Villanueva; John Livsey; Ewa Machotka; Kathryn McCurley; Sebastián Palomino-Ángel; Jan Pietron; René Price; Sorain J. Ramchunder; Constanza Ricaurte-Villota; Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte; Lula Dahir; Erasmo Rodríguez; Jorge Salgado; A. Britta K. Sannel; Ana Carolina Santos; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Ylva Sjöberg; Lian Sun; Josefin Thorslund; Guillaume Vigouroux; Lan Wang-Erlandsson; Diandian Xu; David Zamora; Alan D. Ziegler; Imenne Åhlén. 2019. "Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands." Water 11, no. 3: 619.
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and biologically diverse regions in the world but is often characterized by weak environmental governance and socioeconomic inequalities. Given large expanses of intact biomes, a long history of pre-Colombian civilizations, and recent urbanization trends, the urban ecosystem services (UES) concept has the potential to address issues of well-being for its citizens. We review relevant regional and global literature and use expert-based knowledge to identify the state of the art of the UES concept as applicable to green spaces in LAC and elucidate three overarching guidelines for management and future research needs: 1. LAC cities can be socio-ecologically unique; 2. Drivers of UES in LAC can be different than in other regions; and 3. Context and demand need to be accounted for when valuing UES. Overall, we show that research on UES is mostly from the global north and rarely accounts for the diverse and complex socio-political and ecological drivers of LAC’s urbanization processes. We find that, as in other regions, the biophysical context and land use policies play a major role on UES provision. However, socioeconomic inequalities and weak governance are key drivers in UES supply and demand in LAC. Context-specific information on how to promote, educate, and apply UES is particularly important, not only in LAC, but in other regions where inequities, rapid urbanization, and climate change effects are stressing socio-political and ecological systems and their adaptive capacities. Standardized approaches from developed countries should be used to complement - not substitute – LAC context specific approaches for studying and applying UES. We suggest that improved research funding and local governance can also provide critical strategies, information and the means for more effective management, planning, and equitable provision of UES.
Cynnamon Dobbs; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Francisco De La Barrera; Ana Alice Eleuterio; Ian MacGregor-Fors; Sonia Reyes-Paecke; Alexis Vásquez; Jorge Danilo Zea Camaño; H. Jaime Hernández. Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities? Urban Ecosystems 2018, 22, 173 -187.
AMA StyleCynnamon Dobbs, Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici, Francisco De La Barrera, Ana Alice Eleuterio, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Sonia Reyes-Paecke, Alexis Vásquez, Jorge Danilo Zea Camaño, H. Jaime Hernández. Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities? Urban Ecosystems. 2018; 22 (1):173-187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCynnamon Dobbs; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Francisco De La Barrera; Ana Alice Eleuterio; Ian MacGregor-Fors; Sonia Reyes-Paecke; Alexis Vásquez; Jorge Danilo Zea Camaño; H. Jaime Hernández. 2018. "Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities?" Urban Ecosystems 22, no. 1: 173-187.
Due to the fast deforestation rates in the tropics, multiple international efforts have been launched to reduce deforestation and develop consistent methodologies to assess forest extension and change. Since 2010 Colombia implemented the Mainstream Sustainable Cattle Ranching project with the participation of small farmers in a payment for environmental services (PES) scheme where zero deforestation agreements are signed. To assess the fulfillment of such agreements at farm level, ALOS-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR fine beam dual imagery for years 2010 and 2016 was processed with ad-hoc routines to estimate stable forest, deforestation, and stable nonforest extension for 2615 participant farms in five heterogeneous regions of Colombia. Landsat VNIR imagery was integrated in the processing chain to reduce classification uncertainties due to radar limitations. Farms associated with Meta Foothills regions showed zero deforestation during the period analyzed (2010–2016), while other regions showed low deforestation rates with the exception of the Cesar River Valley (75 ha). Results, suggests that topography and dry weather conditions have an effect on radar-based mapping accuracy, i.e., deforestation and forest classes showed lower user accuracy values on mountainous and dry regions revealing overestimations in these environments. Nevertheless, overall ALOS Phased Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) data provided overall accurate, relevant, and consistent information for forest change analysis for local zero deforestation agreements assessment. Improvements to preprocessing routines and integration of high dense radar time series should be further investigated to reduce classification errors from complex topography conditions.
Carlos Pedraza; Nicola Clerici; Cristian Fabián Forero; América Melo; Diego Navarrete; Diego J. Lizcano; Andrés Felipe Zuluaga; Juliana Delgado; Gustavo Galindo. Zero Deforestation Agreement Assessment at Farm Level in Colombia Using ALOS PALSAR. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 1464 .
AMA StyleCarlos Pedraza, Nicola Clerici, Cristian Fabián Forero, América Melo, Diego Navarrete, Diego J. Lizcano, Andrés Felipe Zuluaga, Juliana Delgado, Gustavo Galindo. Zero Deforestation Agreement Assessment at Farm Level in Colombia Using ALOS PALSAR. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (9):1464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Pedraza; Nicola Clerici; Cristian Fabián Forero; América Melo; Diego Navarrete; Diego J. Lizcano; Andrés Felipe Zuluaga; Juliana Delgado; Gustavo Galindo. 2018. "Zero Deforestation Agreement Assessment at Farm Level in Colombia Using ALOS PALSAR." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9: 1464.
There is a perception that increased forest cover and density in urban contexts is associated with increased criminality. But, this complex relationship between urban vegetation, crime, ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED), has been little studied in low and middle income countries. This study’s aim was to statistically determine if specific structural and socioeconomic characteristics of urban treescapes were related to crime occurrence, considered an ED, in a major Latin American city. We used spatial and statistical analyses of a public tree inventory, homicide occurrence, and available geospatial data to analyze if urban treescape, demographic, and socioeconomic variables were related to the incidence of homicides in Neotropical Bogota, Colombia. First, a generalized linear model indicated that fewer homicides occurred in public treescapes with taller trees and higher tree density. In contrast, the amount of overall green space and average tree basal area were not significant predictors of homicide occurrence. Second, a geographically weighted regression model indicated that the inclusion of tree basal area rendered tree height insignificant, and that higher basal areas were associated with fewer homicides. Thus, both models indicated that increased tree density and size were actually associated with lower homicide occurrences. The amount of public green areas was however, not significantly related to homicide occurrence. Results indicate that in general, Bogota´s treescapes provided overall net ES as opposed to ED in terms of crime. Findings could be used to develop land use policies and management practices that increase the overall provision and demand for ES from urban forests.
Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Christina L. Staudhammer; Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira; Juan Camilo Bohorquez; German Tovar. Trees and Crime in Bogota, Colombia: Is the link an ecosystem disservice or service? Land Use Policy 2018, 78, 583 -592.
AMA StyleFrancisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici, Christina L. Staudhammer, Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira, Juan Camilo Bohorquez, German Tovar. Trees and Crime in Bogota, Colombia: Is the link an ecosystem disservice or service? Land Use Policy. 2018; 78 ():583-592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Christina L. Staudhammer; Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira; Juan Camilo Bohorquez; German Tovar. 2018. "Trees and Crime in Bogota, Colombia: Is the link an ecosystem disservice or service?" Land Use Policy 78, no. : 583-592.
Colombia is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world that has historically and is currently experiencing extensive deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Here we show how the most extensive region acting as a natural corridor between the Colombian Andes and Amazon biogeographical regions, the Picachos–Tinigua–Sierra de la Macarena–Chiribiquete megacorridor, is being eroded by large‐scale agricultural expansion endangering the maintenance and connection of gene flow and biodiversity exchange. Several phylogenetic studies indicate that the complex dynamics between the Andean highlands and the Amazonian lowlands have strongly influenced the origin and maintenance of Neotropical biodiversity. We appeal for the attention of international conservation and governmental organizations to direct resources and promote projects focused on the preservation and sustainable management of this strategic Andes–Amazon bridge in both protected and unprotected areas. In the current postconflict era, Colombia has a unique opportunity to create a new social and economic paradigm based on long‐term sustainably developed landscapes and more equitable sharing of wealth. We believe improved management and conservation efforts for the Picachos–Tinigua–Macarena–Chiribiquete megacorridor would demonstrate a collective will in helping to achieve this goal.
Nicola Clerici; Camilo Salazar; Carolina Pardo-Díaz; Chris D. Jiggins; James E. Richardson; Mauricio Linares. Peace in Colombia is a critical moment for Neotropical connectivity and conservation: Save the northern Andes-Amazon biodiversity bridge. Conservation Letters 2018, 12, e12594 .
AMA StyleNicola Clerici, Camilo Salazar, Carolina Pardo-Díaz, Chris D. Jiggins, James E. Richardson, Mauricio Linares. Peace in Colombia is a critical moment for Neotropical connectivity and conservation: Save the northern Andes-Amazon biodiversity bridge. Conservation Letters. 2018; 12 (1):e12594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Clerici; Camilo Salazar; Carolina Pardo-Díaz; Chris D. Jiggins; James E. Richardson; Mauricio Linares. 2018. "Peace in Colombia is a critical moment for Neotropical connectivity and conservation: Save the northern Andes-Amazon biodiversity bridge." Conservation Letters 12, no. 1: e12594.
In addition to sampling biophysical data in field plots, the Brazilian National Forest Inventory (NFI-BR) has a component dedicated to the study of Brazilian rural landscapes. The Landscape Sample Units (LSUs) are square areas of 100 km2, established in a regular grid of 40 × 40 km over the entire national territory, where habitat quality and spatial structure are characterized and evaluated. The LSUs’ evaluation scheme measures the fragmentation and connectivity of remnant forest patches as well as the spatial configuration of riparian zones. As part of these analyses we propose the use of integrated indices based on the structural connectivity of the riparian environments as forest corridors, the degree of human pressure acting on them and the protection schemes defined by the new Brazilian forest legislation. These indices are then turned into scores to make a ranking allowing for the identification of riparian priority areas for conservation and landscape restoration. Basic processing steps included the application of Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) to the LULC map of a pilot sample from the LSU dataset in the State of Paraná, in southern Brazil. The following indices have been calculated for 20 LSUs: Structural Corridors Index (SCc), which reveals the proportion of core and bridge MSPA categories within the riparian zone, the Structural Corridors under Pressure Index (CPc), that allows the identification of areas where structural corridors coexist with areas subject to anthropogenic influences and, finally, the Structural Corridors under Pressure Protection Index (UCPc), which identifies areas that function as corridors, being under anthropogenic pressure as well but with little or no legal protection, thus corresponding to priority areas for conservation. Among the 20 pilot LSUs studied, three of them are representative of a critical situation regarding conservation issues as they presented high values for indices CPc and UCPc, which denote areas with high anthropogenic influences and no environmental protection schemes. An important aspect of the proposed methodology is the possibility to identify and prioritize areas at different spatial scales, further aggregating the indices for LSU or larger political regions, such as micro and mesoregions of federal states.
Maria Augusta Doetzer Rosot; Jéssica Caroline Maran; Naíssa Batista da Luz; Marilice Cordeiro Garrastazú; Yeda Maria Malheiros de Oliveira; Luziane Franciscon; Nicola Clerici; Peter Vogt; Joberto Veloso de Freitas. Riparian forest corridors: A prioritization analysis to the Landscape Sample Units of the Brazilian National Forest Inventory. Ecological Indicators 2018, 93, 501 -511.
AMA StyleMaria Augusta Doetzer Rosot, Jéssica Caroline Maran, Naíssa Batista da Luz, Marilice Cordeiro Garrastazú, Yeda Maria Malheiros de Oliveira, Luziane Franciscon, Nicola Clerici, Peter Vogt, Joberto Veloso de Freitas. Riparian forest corridors: A prioritization analysis to the Landscape Sample Units of the Brazilian National Forest Inventory. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 93 ():501-511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Augusta Doetzer Rosot; Jéssica Caroline Maran; Naíssa Batista da Luz; Marilice Cordeiro Garrastazú; Yeda Maria Malheiros de Oliveira; Luziane Franciscon; Nicola Clerici; Peter Vogt; Joberto Veloso de Freitas. 2018. "Riparian forest corridors: A prioritization analysis to the Landscape Sample Units of the Brazilian National Forest Inventory." Ecological Indicators 93, no. : 501-511.
Land cover–land use (LCLU) classification tasks can take advantage of the fusion of radar and optical remote sensing data, leading generally to increase mapping accuracy. Here we propose a methodological approach to fuse information from the new European Space Agency Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imagery for accurate land cover mapping of a portion of the Lower Magdalena region, Colombia. Data pre-processing was carried out using the European Space Agency’s Sentinel Application Platform and the SEN2COR toolboxes. LCLU classification was performed following an object-based and spectral classification approach, exploiting also vegetation indices. A comparison of classification performance using three commonly used classification algorithms was performed. The radar and visible-near infrared integrated dataset classified with a Support Vector Machine algorithm produce the most accurate LCLU map, showing an overall classification accuracy of 88.75%, and a Kappa coefficient of 0.86. The proposed mapping approach has the main advantages of combining the all-weather capability of the radar sensor, spectrally rich information in the visible-near infrared spectrum, with the short revisit period of both satellites. The mapping results represent an important step toward future tasks of aboveground biomass and carbon estimation in the region.
Nicola Clerici; Cesar Augusto Valbuena Calderón; Juan Manuel Posada. Fusion of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A data for land cover mapping: a case study in the lower Magdalena region, Colombia. Journal of Maps 2017, 13, 718 -726.
AMA StyleNicola Clerici, Cesar Augusto Valbuena Calderón, Juan Manuel Posada. Fusion of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A data for land cover mapping: a case study in the lower Magdalena region, Colombia. Journal of Maps. 2017; 13 (2):718-726.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Clerici; Cesar Augusto Valbuena Calderón; Juan Manuel Posada. 2017. "Fusion of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A data for land cover mapping: a case study in the lower Magdalena region, Colombia." Journal of Maps 13, no. 2: 718-726.
Understanding the dynamics of natural ecosystems in highly transformed landscapes is key to the design of regional development plans that are more sustainable and otherwise enhance conservation initiatives. We analyzed secondary forest and shrubland dynamics over 30 years (1985–2015) in a densely populated area of the Colombian Andes using satellite and biophysical data. We performed a land-cover change analysis, assessed landscape fragmentation, and applied regression models to evaluate the effects of environmental and geographical correlates with the observed forest transitions. Forest cover area increased during the 30 year-span, due mostly to forest regrowth in areas marginal for agriculture, especially during the first half of the study period. However, a high dynamic of both forest regrowth and clearing near urban centers and roads was observed. Soil fertility turned out to be a key correlate of both forest recovery and deforestation. Secondary forests, <30 years old represent the most fragmented component. Our findings reflect the complexity of the processes occurring in highly transformed and densely populated regions. Overall, this study provides elements for a better understanding of the factors driving land cover change near large urban areas, and raises new iideas for further research.
Kristian Rubiano; Nicola Clerici; Natalia Norden; Andrés Etter. Secondary Forest and Shrubland Dynamics in a Highly Transformed Landscape in the Northern Andes of Colombia (1985–2015). Forests 2017, 8, 216 .
AMA StyleKristian Rubiano, Nicola Clerici, Natalia Norden, Andrés Etter. Secondary Forest and Shrubland Dynamics in a Highly Transformed Landscape in the Northern Andes of Colombia (1985–2015). Forests. 2017; 8 (6):216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristian Rubiano; Nicola Clerici; Natalia Norden; Andrés Etter. 2017. "Secondary Forest and Shrubland Dynamics in a Highly Transformed Landscape in the Northern Andes of Colombia (1985–2015)." Forests 8, no. 6: 216.
Cities throughout the world are advocating highly promoted tree plantings as a climate change mitigation measure. Assessing the carbon offsets associated with urban trees relative to other climate change policies is vital for sustainable development, planning, and solving environmental and socio-economic problems, but is difficult in developing countries. We estimated and assessed carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, sequestration, and emission offsets by public trees in the Medellin Metropolitan Area, Colombia, as a viable Nature-Based Solution for the Neotropics. While previous studies have discussed nature-based solutions and explored urban tree carbon dynamics in high income countries, few have been conducted in tropical cities in low-middle income countries, particularly within South America. We used a public tree inventory for the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley and an available urban forest functional model, i-Tree Streets, calibrated for Colombia’s context. We found that CO2 offsets from public trees were not as effective as cable cars or landfills. However, if available planting spaces are considered, carbon offsets become more competitive with cable cars and other air quality and socio-economic co-benefits are also provided. The use of carbon estimation models and the development of relevant carbon accounting protocols in Neotropical cities are also discussed. Our nature-based solution approach can be used to better guide management of urban forests to mitigate climate change and carbon offset accounting in tropical cities lacking available information.
Carley C. Reynolds; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Jorge Zea-Camaño. Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia. Sustainability 2017, 9, 785 .
AMA StyleCarley C. Reynolds, Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici, Jorge Zea-Camaño. Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):785.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarley C. Reynolds; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Jorge Zea-Camaño. 2017. "Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 785.