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J.W. Jawitz
Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

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Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Royal Society Open Science
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Spatio-temporal dynamics in habitat suitability and connectivity among mosaics of heterogeneous wetlands are critical for biological diversity and species persistence in aquatic patchy landscapes. Despite the recognized importance of stochastic hydroclimatic forcing in driving wetlandscape hydrological dynamics, linking such effects to emergent dynamics of metapopulation poses significant challenges. To fill this gap, we propose here a dynamic stochastic patch occupancy model (SPOM), which links parsimonious hydrological and ecological models to simulate spatio-temporal patterns in species occupancy in wetlandscapes. Our work aims to place ecological studies of patchy habitats into a proper hydrologic and climatic framework to improve the knowledge about metapopulation shifts in response to climate-driven changes in wetlandscapes. We applied the dynamic version of the SPOM (D-SPOM) framework in two wetlandscapes in the US with contrasting landscape and climate properties. Our results illustrate that explicit consideration of the temporal dimension proposed in the D-SPOM is important to interpret local- and landscape-scale patterns of habitat suitability and metapopulation occupancy. Our analyses show that spatio-temporal dynamics of patch suitability and accessibility, driven by the stochasticity in hydroclimatic forcing, influence metapopulation occupancy and the topological metrics of the emergent wetlandscape dispersal network. D-SPOM simulations also reveal that the extinction risk in dynamic wetlandscapes is exacerbated by extended dry periods when suitable habitat decreases, hence limiting successful patch colonization and exacerbating metapopulation extinction risks. The proposed framework is not restricted only to wetland studies but could also be applied to examine metapopulation dynamics in other types of patchy habitats subjected to stochastic external disturbances.

ACS Style

L. E. Bertassello; E. Bertuzzo; G. Botter; J. W. Jawitz; A. F. Aubeneau; J. T. Hoverman; A. Rinaldo; P. S. C. Rao. Dynamic spatio-temporal patterns of metapopulation occupancy in patchy habitats. Royal Society Open Science 2021, 8, 201309 .

AMA Style

L. E. Bertassello, E. Bertuzzo, G. Botter, J. W. Jawitz, A. F. Aubeneau, J. T. Hoverman, A. Rinaldo, P. S. C. Rao. Dynamic spatio-temporal patterns of metapopulation occupancy in patchy habitats. Royal Society Open Science. 2021; 8 (1):201309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. E. Bertassello; E. Bertuzzo; G. Botter; J. W. Jawitz; A. F. Aubeneau; J. T. Hoverman; A. Rinaldo; P. S. C. Rao. 2021. "Dynamic spatio-temporal patterns of metapopulation occupancy in patchy habitats." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1: 201309.

Preprint content
Published: 31 December 2020
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James Jawitz. Reply on RC2. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

James Jawitz. Reply on RC2. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Jawitz. 2020. "Reply on RC2." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 31 December 2020
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James Jawitz. Reply on RC1. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

James Jawitz. Reply on RC1. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Jawitz. 2020. "Reply on RC1." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 31 December 2020
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James Jawitz. Reply on RC3. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

James Jawitz. Reply on RC3. . 2020; ():1.

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James Jawitz. 2020. "Reply on RC3." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2020 in Nature Communications
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Subsurface contamination due to excessive nutrient surpluses is a persistent and widespread problem in agricultural areas across Europe. The vulnerability of a particular location to pollution from reactive solutes, such as nitrate, is determined by the interplay between hydrologic transport and biogeochemical transformations. Current studies on the controls of subsurface vulnerability do not consider the transient behaviour of transport dynamics in the root zone. Here, using state-of-the-art hydrologic simulations driven by observed hydroclimatic forcing, we demonstrate the strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hydrologic transport dynamics and reveal that these dynamics are primarily controlled by the hydroclimatic gradient of the aridity index across Europe. Contrasting the space-time dynamics of transport times with reactive timescales of denitrification in soil indicate that ~75% of the cultivated areas across Europe are potentially vulnerable to nitrate leaching for at least one-third of the year. We find that neglecting the transient nature of transport and reaction timescale results in a great underestimation of the extent of vulnerable regions by almost 50%. Therefore, future vulnerability and risk assessment studies must account for the transient behaviour of transport and biogeochemical transformation processes.

ACS Style

R. Kumar; F. Heße; P. S. C. Rao; A. Musolff; J. W. Jawitz; F. Sarrazin; L. Samaniego; J. H. Fleckenstein; O. Rakovec; S. Thober; S. Attinger. Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 1 -10.

AMA Style

R. Kumar, F. Heße, P. S. C. Rao, A. Musolff, J. W. Jawitz, F. Sarrazin, L. Samaniego, J. H. Fleckenstein, O. Rakovec, S. Thober, S. Attinger. Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Kumar; F. Heße; P. S. C. Rao; A. Musolff; J. W. Jawitz; F. Sarrazin; L. Samaniego; J. H. Fleckenstein; O. Rakovec; S. Thober; S. Attinger. 2020. "Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 1-10.

Preprint content
Published: 18 November 2020
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The non-parametric Budyko framework provides empirical relationships between a catchment's long-term mean evapotranspiration (E) and the aridity index, defined as the ratio of mean rainfall depth (P) to mean potential evapotranspiration (E0). The parametric Budyko equations attempt to generalize this framework by introducing a catchment-specific parameter (n or w), intended to represent differences in catchment climate and landscape features. Many studies have developed complex regression relationships for the catchment-specific parameter in terms of biophysical features, all of which use known values of P, E0, and E to numerically invert the parametric Budyko equations to obtain values of n or w. In this study, we analytically invert both forms of the parametric Budyko equations, producing expressions for n and w only in terms of P, E0, and E. These expressions allow for n and w to be explicitly expressed in terms of biophysical features through the dependence of P, E0, and E on those same features.

ACS Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver; David A. Kaplan; Harald Klammler; James W. Jawitz. Technical Note: Analytical Inversion of the Parametric Budyko Equations. 2020, 2020, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver, David A. Kaplan, Harald Klammler, James W. Jawitz. Technical Note: Analytical Inversion of the Parametric Budyko Equations. . 2020; 2020 ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver; David A. Kaplan; Harald Klammler; James W. Jawitz. 2020. "Technical Note: Analytical Inversion of the Parametric Budyko Equations." 2020, no. : 1-19.

Preprint content
Published: 13 November 2020
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Nathan G. F. Reaver; David A. Kaplan; Harald Klammler; James W. Jawitz. Supplementary material to "Reinterpreting the Budyko Framework". 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver, David A. Kaplan, Harald Klammler, James W. Jawitz. Supplementary material to "Reinterpreting the Budyko Framework". . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver; David A. Kaplan; Harald Klammler; James W. Jawitz. 2020. "Supplementary material to "Reinterpreting the Budyko Framework"." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 13 November 2020
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The Budyko framework posits that a catchment's long-term mean evapotranspiration (E) is primarily governed by the availabilities of water and energy, represented by long-term mean precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (E0), respectively. This assertion is supported by the distinctive clustering pattern that catchments take in Budyko space. Several semi-empirical, non-parametric curves have been shown to generally represent this clustering pattern but cannot explain deviations from the central tendency. Parametric Budyko equations attempt to generalize the non-parametric framework, through the introduction of a catchment-specific parameter (n or w). Prevailing interpretations of Budyko curves suggest that the explicit functional forms represent trajectories through Budyko space for individual catchments undergoing changes in aridity index, (E0/P), while n and w values represent catchment biophysical features; however, neither of these interpretations arise from the derivation of the Budyko equations. In this study, we re-examine, reinterpret, and test these two key components of the current Budyko framework both theoretically and empirically. In our theoretical test, we use a biophysical model for E to demonstrate that n and w values can change without invoking changes in landscape biophysical features and that catchments are not required to follow Budyko curve trajectories. Our empirical test uses data from 728 reference catchments in the United Kingdom and United States to illustrate that catchments rarely follow Budyko curve trajectories and that n and w are not transferable between catchments or across time for individual catchments. This non-transferability implies n and w are proxy variables for E/P, rendering the parametric Budyko equations under-determined and lacking of predictive ability. Finally, we show that the parametric Budyko equations are non-unique, suggesting their physical interpretations are unfounded. Overall, we conclude that, while the shape of Budyko curves generally captures the global behavior of multiple catchments, their specific functional forms are arbitrary and not reflective of the dynamic behavior of individual catchments.

ACS Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver; David A. Kaplan; Harald Klammler; James W. Jawitz. Reinterpreting the Budyko Framework. 2020, 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver, David A. Kaplan, Harald Klammler, James W. Jawitz. Reinterpreting the Budyko Framework. . 2020; 2020 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathan G. F. Reaver; David A. Kaplan; Harald Klammler; James W. Jawitz. 2020. "Reinterpreting the Budyko Framework." 2020, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2020 in Water Resources Research
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Wetlands provide valuable hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical functions, both alone and in combination with other elements comprising the wetlandscape. Understanding the processes and mechanisms that drive wetlandscape functions, as well as their sensitivity to natural and man‐made alterations, requires a sound physical understanding of wetland hydrodynamics. Here, we develop and apply a single reservoir hydrologic model to a low‐relief karst wetlandscape in southwest Florida (≈ 103 km2 of Big Cypress National Preserve) using precipitation P and potential evapotranspiration PET as climatic drivers. This simple approach captures the dynamics of storage for individual wetlands across the entire wetlandscape, and accurately predicts landscape discharge. Key model insights are the importance of depth‐dependent extinction of evapotranspiration ET, and the negligible effects of depth‐dependent specific yield, effects of which are diluted by landscape relief. We identify three phases of the wetlandscape hydrological regime: dry, wet‐stagnant, and wet‐flowing. The model allowed a simple steady‐state analysis, which demonstrated the sudden seasonal shift between wet‐stagnant and wet‐flowing states, indicating a consistent threshold at P ≈ PET. Notably, stage data from any single wetland appears sufficient for accurate whole‐landscape discharge prediction because of the relative homogeneity in timing and duration of local wetland hydrologic connectivity in this landscape. We also show that this method will be transferable to other wetlandscapes, where individual storage elements respond hydrologically synchronously, whereas model performance is expected to deteriorate for hydrologically more heterogeneous wetlandscapes.

ACS Style

Harald Klammler; Carlos J. Quintero; James W. Jawitz; Daniel L. McLaughlin; Matthew J. Cohen. Local Storage Dynamics of Individual Wetlands Predict Wetlandscape Discharge. Water Resources Research 2020, 56, 1 .

AMA Style

Harald Klammler, Carlos J. Quintero, James W. Jawitz, Daniel L. McLaughlin, Matthew J. Cohen. Local Storage Dynamics of Individual Wetlands Predict Wetlandscape Discharge. Water Resources Research. 2020; 56 (11):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harald Klammler; Carlos J. Quintero; James W. Jawitz; Daniel L. McLaughlin; Matthew J. Cohen. 2020. "Local Storage Dynamics of Individual Wetlands Predict Wetlandscape Discharge." Water Resources Research 56, no. 11: 1.

Preprint content
Published: 26 October 2020
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Climate classification systems are useful for investigating future climate scenarios, water availability, and even socioeconomic indicators as they relate to climate dynamics. These classification systems typically utilize various forms of water and energy indicators to create zone boundaries. However, there has yet to be a classification framework that includes evapotranspiration (ET) rates as a governing principle, nor has there been an effort to simultaneously compare the structure and function of multiple existing classification schemes. Here, we developed three new classification systems based on ET rates and one new system based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, and we compared these four new systems against four previously established climate classification systems. The within-zone similarity, or coherence, of long-term water budget components was evaluated for each system based on the premise that the application of a climate classification framework should correspond to those variables that are most coherent. Additionally, the complexity of zone boundaries in each system was assessed. The most frequently used system, Koppen-Geiger, had high hydroclimate coherence but also high spatial complexity. This study produced classification systems of improved coherence for individual water budget components, lower spatial complexity, and fewer parameters needed for their construction. The Water-Energy Clustering classification system is the primary framework proposed here for future investigations in which regions of interest include zones of differing hydrologic dynamics.

ACS Style

Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello; James W. Jawitz. Coherence of Global Hydroclimate Classification Systems. 2020, 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello, James W. Jawitz. Coherence of Global Hydroclimate Classification Systems. . 2020; 2020 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello; James W. Jawitz. 2020. "Coherence of Global Hydroclimate Classification Systems." 2020, no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 26 October 2020
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Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello; James W. Jawitz. Supplementary material to "Coherence of Global Hydroclimate Classification Systems". 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello, James W. Jawitz. Supplementary material to "Coherence of Global Hydroclimate Classification Systems". . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello; James W. Jawitz. 2020. "Supplementary material to "Coherence of Global Hydroclimate Classification Systems"." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Environmental Research Letters
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Olaf Büttner; James W Jawitz; Dietrich Borchardt. Ecological status of river networks: stream order-dependent impacts of agricultural and urban pressures across ecoregions. Environmental Research Letters 2020, 15, 1040b3 .

AMA Style

Olaf Büttner, James W Jawitz, Dietrich Borchardt. Ecological status of river networks: stream order-dependent impacts of agricultural and urban pressures across ecoregions. Environmental Research Letters. 2020; 15 (10):1040b3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olaf Büttner; James W Jawitz; Dietrich Borchardt. 2020. "Ecological status of river networks: stream order-dependent impacts of agricultural and urban pressures across ecoregions." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 10: 1040b3.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2020 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
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Evaluating how nitrogen (N) sources are attenuated throughout the landscape is critical to further our understanding of catchment‐scale N budgets. We developed a catchment‐scale N budget for a mixed land‐use karst springshed using in situ measurements (nitrate leaching fluxes and attenuation) and long‐term records (surface N inputs and spring exports) to estimate 20‐year average landscape‐scale N loading, attenuation, and export. We introduce a conceptual model framework to compute N export that can be applied consistently for point or nonpoint sources. The model is based on the product of only four components for each N source: population density or proportion of land cover, P, specific load, L, anthropogenic attenuation, A, and natural attenuation, N. The product of these components is computed for each N source and then integrated at the basin scale. The concise PLAN model framework predicted attenuation of 90%±3% of N inputs, in close agreement with the estimate based on measured spring mass discharge (87%±3%). Further, when this attenuation is disaggregated along the hydrological flow path, we estimate that 64% of inputs are lost in the surface soil, 20% in the vadose zone, and 6% in the aquifer. Livestock and human wastes were estimated to be the dominant contributors to spring N export, which was independently supported by isotopic data. The PLAN model is a simple, transferable framework that supports systematically computing N export based on proportioning of load and attenuation. Identifying the main sources of N ultimately contributing to discharged N loads is a critical step towards source‐related water quality management.

ACS Style

J.W. Jawitz; A.M. Desormeaux; M.D. Annable; D. Borchardt; D. Dobberfuhl. Disaggregating Landscape‐Scale Nitrogen Attenuation Along Hydrological Flow Paths. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 2020, 125, 1 .

AMA Style

J.W. Jawitz, A.M. Desormeaux, M.D. Annable, D. Borchardt, D. Dobberfuhl. Disaggregating Landscape‐Scale Nitrogen Attenuation Along Hydrological Flow Paths. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2020; 125 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.W. Jawitz; A.M. Desormeaux; M.D. Annable; D. Borchardt; D. Dobberfuhl. 2020. "Disaggregating Landscape‐Scale Nitrogen Attenuation Along Hydrological Flow Paths." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 125, no. 2: 1.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 15 January 2020 in Environmental Research Letters
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The security, resilience, and sustainability of urban water supply systems (UWSS) are challenged by global change pressures, including climate and land use changes, rapid urbanization, and population growth. Building on prior work on UWSS security and resilience, we quantify the sustainability of UWSS based on the performance of local sustainable governance and the size of global water and ecological footprints. We develop a new framework that integrates security, resilience, and sustainability to investigate trade-offs between these three distinct and inter-related dimensions. Security refers to the level of services, resilience is the system's ability to respond to and recover from shocks, and sustainability refers to the long-term viability of system services. Security and resilience are both relevant at local scale (city and surroundings), while for sustainability cross-scale and -sectoral feedbacks are important. We apply the new framework to seven cities selected from diverse hydro-climatic and socio-economic settings on four continents. We find that UWSS security, resilience, and local sustainability coevolve, while global sustainability correlates negatively with security. Approaching these interdependent goals requires governance strategies that balance the three dimensions within desirable and viable operating spaces. Cities outside these boundaries risk system failure in the short-term, due to lack of security and resilience, or face long-term consequences of unsustainable governance strategies. We discuss these risks in the context of poverty and rigidity traps. Our findings have strong implications for policy-making, strategic management, and for designing systems to operate sustainably at local and global scales.

ACS Style

Elisabeth Helen Krueger; Dietrich Borchardt; James W Jawitz; P. Suresh C. Rao. Balancing security, resilience, and sustainability of urban water supply systems in a desirable operating space. Environmental Research Letters 2020, 15, 035007 .

AMA Style

Elisabeth Helen Krueger, Dietrich Borchardt, James W Jawitz, P. Suresh C. Rao. Balancing security, resilience, and sustainability of urban water supply systems in a desirable operating space. Environmental Research Letters. 2020; 15 (3):035007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisabeth Helen Krueger; Dietrich Borchardt; James W Jawitz; P. Suresh C. Rao. 2020. "Balancing security, resilience, and sustainability of urban water supply systems in a desirable operating space." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 3: 035007.

Correction
Published: 25 December 2019 in Water
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The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper

ACS Style

Fernando Jaramillo; Amanda Desormeaux; Johanna Hedlund; James W. Jawitz; Nicola Clerici; Luigi Piemontese; Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez; Jesús Adolfo Anaya; Juan F. Blanco-Libreros; Sonia Borja; Jorge Celi; Sergey Chalov; Kwok Pan Chun; Matilda Cresso; Georgia Destouni; Shimelis Behailu Dessu; Giuliano Di Baldassarre; Andrea Downing; Luisa Espinosa; Navid Ghajarnia; Pierre Girard; Álvaro G. Gutiérrez; Amy Hansen; Tengfei Hu; Jerker Jarsjö; Zahra Kalantari; Adnane Labbaci; Lucia Licero-Villanueva; John Livsey; Ewa Machotka; Kathryn McCurley; Sebastián Palomino-Ángel; Jan Pietron; René Price; Sorain J. Ramchunder; Constanza Ricaurte-Villota; Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte; Lula Dahir; Erasmo Rodríguez; Jorge Salgado; A. Britta K. Sannel; Ana Carolina Santos; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Ylva Sjöberg; Lian Sun; Josefin Thorslund; Guillaume Vigouroux; Lan Wang-Erlandsson; Diandian Xu; David Zamora; Alan D. Ziegler; Imenne Åhlén. Correction: Jaramillo, F.; et al. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619. Water 2019, 12, 88 .

AMA Style

Fernando Jaramillo, Amanda Desormeaux, Johanna Hedlund, James W. Jawitz, Nicola Clerici, Luigi Piemontese, Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez, Jesús Adolfo Anaya, Juan F. Blanco-Libreros, Sonia Borja, Jorge Celi, Sergey Chalov, Kwok Pan Chun, Matilda Cresso, Georgia Destouni, Shimelis Behailu Dessu, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Andrea Downing, Luisa Espinosa, Navid Ghajarnia, Pierre Girard, Álvaro G. Gutiérrez, Amy Hansen, Tengfei Hu, Jerker Jarsjö, Zahra Kalantari, Adnane Labbaci, Lucia Licero-Villanueva, John Livsey, Ewa Machotka, Kathryn McCurley, Sebastián Palomino-Ángel, Jan Pietron, René Price, Sorain J. Ramchunder, Constanza Ricaurte-Villota, Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte, Lula Dahir, Erasmo Rodríguez, Jorge Salgado, A. Britta K. Sannel, Ana Carolina Santos, Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Ylva Sjöberg, Lian Sun, Josefin Thorslund, Guillaume Vigouroux, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Diandian Xu, David Zamora, Alan D. Ziegler, Imenne Åhlén. Correction: Jaramillo, F.; et al. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619. Water. 2019; 12 (1):88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Jaramillo; Amanda Desormeaux; Johanna Hedlund; James W. Jawitz; Nicola Clerici; Luigi Piemontese; Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodriguez; Jesús Adolfo Anaya; Juan F. Blanco-Libreros; Sonia Borja; Jorge Celi; Sergey Chalov; Kwok Pan Chun; Matilda Cresso; Georgia Destouni; Shimelis Behailu Dessu; Giuliano Di Baldassarre; Andrea Downing; Luisa Espinosa; Navid Ghajarnia; Pierre Girard; Álvaro G. Gutiérrez; Amy Hansen; Tengfei Hu; Jerker Jarsjö; Zahra Kalantari; Adnane Labbaci; Lucia Licero-Villanueva; John Livsey; Ewa Machotka; Kathryn McCurley; Sebastián Palomino-Ángel; Jan Pietron; René Price; Sorain J. Ramchunder; Constanza Ricaurte-Villota; Luisa Fernanda Ricaurte; Lula Dahir; Erasmo Rodríguez; Jorge Salgado; A. Britta K. Sannel; Ana Carolina Santos; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Ylva Sjöberg; Lian Sun; Josefin Thorslund; Guillaume Vigouroux; Lan Wang-Erlandsson; Diandian Xu; David Zamora; Alan D. Ziegler; Imenne Åhlén. 2019. "Correction: Jaramillo, F.; et al. Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 619." Water 12, no. 1: 88.

Research article
Published: 18 December 2019 in Hydrological Processes
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Wetlands play an important role in watershed eco‐hydrology. The occurrence and distribution of wetlands in a landscape are affected by the surface topography and the hydro‐climatic conditions. Here, we propose a minimalist probabilistic approach to describe the dynamic behavior of wetlandscape attributes, including number of inundated wetlands and the statistical properties of wetland stage, surface area, perimeter, and storage volume. The method relies on two major assumptions: i) wetland bottom hydrologic resistance is negligible; and ii) groundwater level is parallel to the mean terrain elevation. The approach links the number of inundated wetlands (depressions with water) to the distribution of wetland bottoms and divides, and the position of the shallow water table. We compared the wetlandscape attribute dynamics estimated from the probabilistic approach to those determined from a parsimonious hydrologic model for groundwater‐dominated wetlands. We test the reliability of the assumptions of both models using data from six cypress dome wetlands in the Green Swamp Wildlife Management Area, Florida, US. The results of the hydrologic model for groundwater‐dominated wetlands showed that the number of inundated wetlands has a unimodal dependence on the groundwater level, as predicted by the probabilistic approach. The proposed models provide a quantitative basis to understand the physical processes that drive the spatiotemporal hydrologic dynamics in wetlandscapes impacted by shallow groundwater fluctuations. Emergent patterns in wetlandscape hydrologic dynamics are of key importance not only for the conservation of water resources, but also for a wide range of eco‐hydrological services provided by connectivity between wetlands and their surrounding uplands.

ACS Style

Leonardo E. Bertassello; P. Suresh C. Rao; James W. Jawitz; Antoine F. Aubeneau; Gianluca Botter. Wetlandscape hydrologic dynamics driven by shallow groundwater and landscape topography. Hydrological Processes 2019, 34, 1460 -1474.

AMA Style

Leonardo E. Bertassello, P. Suresh C. Rao, James W. Jawitz, Antoine F. Aubeneau, Gianluca Botter. Wetlandscape hydrologic dynamics driven by shallow groundwater and landscape topography. Hydrological Processes. 2019; 34 (6):1460-1474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leonardo E. Bertassello; P. Suresh C. Rao; James W. Jawitz; Antoine F. Aubeneau; Gianluca Botter. 2019. "Wetlandscape hydrologic dynamics driven by shallow groundwater and landscape topography." Hydrological Processes 34, no. 6: 1460-1474.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2019 in Water Resources Research
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Water and pollutant fluxes from combined sewer overflows (CSO) have a significant impact on receiving waters. The random nature of rainfall forcing dominates the variability of sewer discharges, pollutant loads, and concentrations. An analytical model developed here, shows how sewer network topology and rainfall properties variously impact the stochasticity of CSO functioning. Probability distributions of sewer discharge and concentration compare well with the results from a calibrated Storm Water Management Model in an application to a sewershed located in Dresden, Germany. The model is determined by only four parameters, three of which can be predicted a priori, two from the rainfall record and one from the network topology using geomorphological flow recession theory, while the fourth can be estimated from a short discharge time series. The sensitivity of CSO and wastewater treatment loads to network structure suggests simple topologies may be more vulnerable to poor performance. The analytical model is useful for evaluating various CSO management strategies to reduce adverse impacts on receiving waters in a probabilistic setting.

ACS Style

Gavan McGrath; Thomas Kaeseberg; Julian David Reyes Silva; James W. Jawitz; Frank Blumensaat; Dietrich Borchardt; Per‐Erik Mellander; Kyungrock Paik; Peter Krebs; P. Suresh C. Rao. Network Topology and Rainfall Controls on the Variability of Combined Sewer Overflows and Loads. Water Resources Research 2019, 55, 9578 -9591.

AMA Style

Gavan McGrath, Thomas Kaeseberg, Julian David Reyes Silva, James W. Jawitz, Frank Blumensaat, Dietrich Borchardt, Per‐Erik Mellander, Kyungrock Paik, Peter Krebs, P. Suresh C. Rao. Network Topology and Rainfall Controls on the Variability of Combined Sewer Overflows and Loads. Water Resources Research. 2019; 55 (11):9578-9591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavan McGrath; Thomas Kaeseberg; Julian David Reyes Silva; James W. Jawitz; Frank Blumensaat; Dietrich Borchardt; Per‐Erik Mellander; Kyungrock Paik; Peter Krebs; P. Suresh C. Rao. 2019. "Network Topology and Rainfall Controls on the Variability of Combined Sewer Overflows and Loads." Water Resources Research 55, no. 11: 9578-9591.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Earth's Future
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Cities are the drivers of socio‐economic innovation, and are also forced to address the accelerating risk of failure in providing essential services such as water supply today and in the future. Here, we investigate the resilience of urban water supply security, which is defined in terms of the services that citizens receive. The resilience of services is determined by the availability and robustness of critical system elements, or “capitals” (water resources, infrastructure, finances, management efficacy and community adaptation). We translate quantitative information about this portfolio of capitals from seven contrasting cities on four continents into parameters of a coupled systems dynamics model. Water services are disrupted by recurring stochastic shocks, and we simulate the dynamics of impact and recovery cycles. Resilience emerges under various constraints, expressed in terms of each city's capital portfolio. Systematic assessment of the parameter space produces the urban water resilience landscape, and we determine the position of each city along a continuous gradient from water insecure and non‐resilient to secure and resilient systems. In several cities stochastic disturbance regimes challenge steady‐state conditions and drive system collapse. While water insecure and non‐resilient cities risk being pushed into a poverty trap, cities which have developed excess capitals risk being trapped in rigidity and crossing a tipping point from high to low services and collapse. Where public services are insufficient, community adaptation improves water security and resilience to varying degrees. Our results highlight the need for resilience thinking in the governance of urban water systems under global change pressures.

ACS Style

E. H. Krueger; D. Borchardt; J. W. Jawitz; H. Klammler; S. Yang; J. Zischg; P. S. C. Rao. Resilience Dynamics of Urban Water Supply Security and Potential of Tipping Points. Earth's Future 2019, 7, 1167 -1191.

AMA Style

E. H. Krueger, D. Borchardt, J. W. Jawitz, H. Klammler, S. Yang, J. Zischg, P. S. C. Rao. Resilience Dynamics of Urban Water Supply Security and Potential of Tipping Points. Earth's Future. 2019; 7 (10):1167-1191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. H. Krueger; D. Borchardt; J. W. Jawitz; H. Klammler; S. Yang; J. Zischg; P. S. C. Rao. 2019. "Resilience Dynamics of Urban Water Supply Security and Potential of Tipping Points." Earth's Future 7, no. 10: 1167-1191.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2019 in Water Resources Research
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Discharge from multiple wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributed in urbanized river basins contributes to impairments of river water‐quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity, with size and location of WWTPs determined by population distribution within a river basin. Here we used geo‐referenced data for WWTPs in Germany to investigate the spatial organization of three attributes of interest in this study: population, population equivalents (the aggregated population served by each WWTP), and the number/sizes of WWTPs. To this end, we selected as case studies three large urbanized river basins (Weser, Elbe, and Rhine), home to about 70% of the population in Germany. We employed fractal river networks as structural platforms to examine the spatial patterns from two perspectives: spatial hierarchy (stream order) and patterns along longitudinal flow paths (width function). Moreover, we proposed three dimensionless scaling indices to quantify (1) human settlement preferences by stream order, (2) non‐sanitary flow contribution to total wastewater treated at WWTPs, and (3) degree of centralization in WWTPs locations. Across the three river basins, we found scale‐invariant distributions for each of the three attributes with stream order, quantified using extended Horton scaling ratios. We found a weak downstream clustering of population in the three basins. Variations in population equivalent clustering among different class‐sizes of WWTPs reflected the size, number, and locations of urban agglomerations in these river basins. We discussed the applicability of this approach to other large urbanized basins to analyze spatial organization of population and WWTPs.

ACS Style

Soohyun Yang; Olaf Büttner; James W. Jawitz; Rohini Kumar; P. Suresh C. Rao; Dietrich Borchardt. Spatial Organization of Human Population and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Urbanized River Basins. Water Resources Research 2019, 55, 6138 -6152.

AMA Style

Soohyun Yang, Olaf Büttner, James W. Jawitz, Rohini Kumar, P. Suresh C. Rao, Dietrich Borchardt. Spatial Organization of Human Population and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Urbanized River Basins. Water Resources Research. 2019; 55 (7):6138-6152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soohyun Yang; Olaf Büttner; James W. Jawitz; Rohini Kumar; P. Suresh C. Rao; Dietrich Borchardt. 2019. "Spatial Organization of Human Population and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Urbanized River Basins." Water Resources Research 55, no. 7: 6138-6152.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Journal of Environmental Quality
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This work enhances our understanding of catchment-scale N budgets by demonstrating the modification and application of a simple method for direct in situ measurements of vadose zone nitrate leaching and attenuation. We developed a soil passive flux meter (SPFM) to measure solute leaching based on a modified design of ion-exchange resin columns, and we tested the design in numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, plot-scale field experiments, and a catchment-scale field deployment. Our design minimized flow divergence around the resin column to attain nearly 100% capture of surface applied tracers in plot- and catchment-scale deployments. We found that mixing resin with native soil and extending the column height 10 cm above the resin layer minimized divergence of soil water around the column, resulting in a field-measured convergence factor (χ) of 1.3 that was consistent with numerical simulations. For catchment-scale testing, SPFMs were used at nine sites in three dominant land uses (crop, pasture, and turf) with known N inputs in two deployments, one during the 4-mo wet season and an additional set during the 8-mo dry season, to obtain integral annual measures of soil nitrate fluxes. In situ measured nitrate leaching determined from the SPFMs was positively correlated with known N inputs ( = 0.55, < 0.05) and attenuation averaged 67% (± 24% SD) of inputs across all sites. Although N inputs explain a large portion of the variability, our results emphasize the importance of both inter- and intra-land use variability in landscape-scale N budgets.

ACS Style

Amanda Desormeaux; Michael D. Annable; Dean Dobberfuhl; James W. Jawitz. In Situ Measurement of Nitrate Flux and Attenuation Using a Soil Passive Flux Meter. Journal of Environmental Quality 2019, 48, 709 -716.

AMA Style

Amanda Desormeaux, Michael D. Annable, Dean Dobberfuhl, James W. Jawitz. In Situ Measurement of Nitrate Flux and Attenuation Using a Soil Passive Flux Meter. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2019; 48 (3):709-716.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amanda Desormeaux; Michael D. Annable; Dean Dobberfuhl; James W. Jawitz. 2019. "In Situ Measurement of Nitrate Flux and Attenuation Using a Soil Passive Flux Meter." Journal of Environmental Quality 48, no. 3: 709-716.