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Arul Arulrajah
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 23 August 2021 in Sustainability
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In this research, large direct shear tests were conducted to evaluate the interface shear strength between reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and kenaf geogrid (RAP–geogrid) and to also assess their viability as an environmentally friendly base course material. The influence of factors such as the gradation of RAP particles and aperture sizes of geogrid (D) on interface shear strength of the RAP–geogrid interface was evaluated under different normal stresses. A critical analysis was conducted on the present and previous test data on geogrids reinforced recycled materials. The D/FD, in which FD is the recycled materials’ particle content finer than the aperture of geogrid, was proposed as a prime parameter governing the interface shear strength. A generalized equation was proposed for predicting the interface shear strength of the form: α = a(D/FD) + b, where α is the interface shear strength coefficient, which is the ratio of the interface shear strength to the shear strength of recycled material, and a and b are constants. The constant values of a and b were found to be dependent upon types of recycled material, irrespective of types of geogrids. A stepwise procedure to determine variable a, which is required for analysis and design of geogrids reinforced recycled materials in roads with various gradations was also suggested.

ACS Style

Artit Udomchai; Menglim Hoy; Apichat Suddeepong; Amornrit Phuangsombat; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Arul Arulrajah; Nguyen Chi Thanh. Generalized Interface Shear Strength Equation for Recycled Materials Reinforced with Geogrids. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9446 .

AMA Style

Artit Udomchai, Menglim Hoy, Apichat Suddeepong, Amornrit Phuangsombat, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Arul Arulrajah, Nguyen Chi Thanh. Generalized Interface Shear Strength Equation for Recycled Materials Reinforced with Geogrids. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Artit Udomchai; Menglim Hoy; Apichat Suddeepong; Amornrit Phuangsombat; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Arul Arulrajah; Nguyen Chi Thanh. 2021. "Generalized Interface Shear Strength Equation for Recycled Materials Reinforced with Geogrids." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9446.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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Sustainable usage of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes in pavement and railway structures has attracted attention globally. However, the high probability of C&D particle breakage can impact the performance of the material and calls for careful investigation and assessment. This study aims to investigate the particle shape effect on the breakage behavior of C&D aggregates under one-dimensional compression testing using the discrete element method (DEM). Crushable particles with realistic particle shapes were modeled by agglomerates of bonded sub-particles based on 3D laser scanning technique. The DEM model was calibrated and validated with a series of single-particle crushing experiments. Results of single crushing tests indicated that the particle shape had a considerable effect on the crushing strength of the tested materials. Comparable macro-mechanical results were observed between the DEM simulation of the one-dimensional compression test and the laboratory experiment. The results revealed that the proposed model is able to accurately capture the macro and micro-mechanical responses of the tested samples. The percentage of broken bonds, number of agglomerates and volumetric size distribution of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) materials during compression is shown to be significantly affected by the particle shapes. A hyperbolic equation is furthermore proposed to capture the correlation between the dissipated energy and the volumetric breakage index.

ACS Style

Parisa Rahimzadeh Oskooei; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Sacha Emam. Crushing behavior of recycled waste materials: Experimental analysis and DEM simulation. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 299, 124226 .

AMA Style

Parisa Rahimzadeh Oskooei, Alireza Mohammadinia, Arul Arulrajah, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Sacha Emam. Crushing behavior of recycled waste materials: Experimental analysis and DEM simulation. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 299 ():124226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Parisa Rahimzadeh Oskooei; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Sacha Emam. 2021. "Crushing behavior of recycled waste materials: Experimental analysis and DEM simulation." Construction and Building Materials 299, no. : 124226.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2021 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Cement stabilised unpaved roads have been implemented worldwide in both developed and developing countries. In this research project, natural rubber latex (NRL) was used to improve the durability against wetting and drying (w-d) cycles of cement stabilised soil, under cyclic tensile loads. The influences of NRL replacement ratio on the indirect tensile strength (ITS), indirect tensile resilient modulus (IT Mr), and indirect tensile fatigue life (ITFL) prior to and after w-d cycles were studied. Cement-NRL stabilised soil was found to have superior resilient properties to minimise the plastic deformation and prevent sudden damage against the repetitive tensile stresses. The NRL replacement could improve the durability against w-d cycles of cement stabilised soil whereby the highest ITS, IT Mr, and ITFL were found at the optimum NRL replacement ratio of 20% for all number of w-d cycles tested. NRL was found to enhance the service life of cement stabilized soil as an unpaved material against fatigue cracking failure. The outcome of this research will promote the usage of NRL, which is available in plentiful supply in Thailand and other Southeast Asian and South American countries, as a sustainable additive in pavement applications.

ACS Style

Artit Udomchai; Apinun Buritatum; Apichat Suddeepong; Menglim Hoy; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Arul Arulrajah; Jitwadee Horpibulsuk. Evaluation of durability against wetting and drying cycles of cement-natural rubber latex stabilised unpaved road under cyclic tensile loading. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Artit Udomchai, Apinun Buritatum, Apichat Suddeepong, Menglim Hoy, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Arul Arulrajah, Jitwadee Horpibulsuk. Evaluation of durability against wetting and drying cycles of cement-natural rubber latex stabilised unpaved road under cyclic tensile loading. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Artit Udomchai; Apinun Buritatum; Apichat Suddeepong; Menglim Hoy; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Arul Arulrajah; Jitwadee Horpibulsuk. 2021. "Evaluation of durability against wetting and drying cycles of cement-natural rubber latex stabilised unpaved road under cyclic tensile loading." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Transportation Geotechnics
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The sustainable construction approach by utilizing recycled aggregates has increasingly been the focus of highway construction industries and local road authorities in recent years. The efficient usage of recycled aggregates for sustainable construction is owed to more than a decade of extensive experimental research aiming to remove uncertainties in the properties and performance of recycled aggregates in transport infrastructures. Nevertheless, a lack of knowledge exists about the stress-strain response of the pavement structures constructed using recycled aggregates. The main goal of this study was to propose a response analysis approach to incorporate the repeated load triaxial (RLT) test results as a Level 1 MEPDG input parameter in a well-established pavement analysis software named FlexPAVETM. In this approach, the aggregate base course was divided into ten sublayers of equal thickness. Three different constitutive resilient modulus (Mr) models were utilized to determine the Mr of each sublayer corresponding to the stress levels achieved at that sublayer. Modeling the pavements in FlexPAVETM by assigning the corresponding Mr to the sublayers resulted in a more accurate stress-strain response compared to the conventional linear elastic analysis approach. This approach provides a more realistic and, accordingly, more accurate analysis of the behavior of unbound aggregates in pavements. The secondary goal of this study was to investigate the stress-strain response of pavements with aggregate base courses made of three types of recycled construction and demolition wastes, being recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), crushed brick (CB), and waste excavation rock (WR). The resilient properties of the demolition wastes were determined through repeated load triaxial (RLT) testing. A typical pavement profile consisting of asphalt surface course, aggregate base course, and an A6 type of natural soil as subgrade was modeled using FlexPAVETM. The response analysis was undertaken following the proposed sub layered approach. Under the loading conditions adopted in this research, with bulk stresses <185 kPa, CB and RCA exhibited a superior Mr response compared to the conventional virgin materials, while WR showed an inferior behavior.

ACS Style

Ehsan Yaghoubi; Nithin Sudarsanan; Arul Arulrajah. Stress-strain response analysis of demolition wastes as aggregate base course of pavements. Transportation Geotechnics 2021, 30, 100599 .

AMA Style

Ehsan Yaghoubi, Nithin Sudarsanan, Arul Arulrajah. Stress-strain response analysis of demolition wastes as aggregate base course of pavements. Transportation Geotechnics. 2021; 30 ():100599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ehsan Yaghoubi; Nithin Sudarsanan; Arul Arulrajah. 2021. "Stress-strain response analysis of demolition wastes as aggregate base course of pavements." Transportation Geotechnics 30, no. : 100599.

Research article
Published: 07 June 2021 in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering
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With the aim of achieving a zero-waste society, this paper presents the environmental suitability of reusing recycled plastic instead of using virgin aggregate materials for railway sub-ballast. Recycled plastic collected from a local recycling company in the state of Victoria, Australia were tested to evaluate any potential contaminant leaching from such material to the surrounding environment. Leaching tests were conducted for 238 potential contaminants following Australian Standard Leaching Procedure (ASLP) using pH-neutral water. From the series of leaching test results, it is clear that concentrations of all the assessed contaminants, except Lead in the tested samples, are either below their individual detection limits or below the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria defined limits to label these materials as hazardous. Apart from one pollutant, the material is safe to be reused for different engineering applications. In addition, a carbon footprint analysis was conducted considering a sustainable approach of using such recycled plastic with recycled concrete and recycled glass. It is found that through using such recycled materials total carbon footprint savings for 1 km railway track ballast material would be up to 52,211 kg CO2e. Finally, a cost analysis is presented to demonstrate economic benefit of using recycled plastic.

ACS Style

Monzur Imteaz; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah. Environmental suitability, carbon footprint and cost savings of recycled plastic for railway applications. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2021, 14, 725 -734.

AMA Style

Monzur Imteaz, Alireza Mohammadinia, Arul Arulrajah. Environmental suitability, carbon footprint and cost savings of recycled plastic for railway applications. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 2021; 14 (4):725-734.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monzur Imteaz; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah. 2021. "Environmental suitability, carbon footprint and cost savings of recycled plastic for railway applications." International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 14, no. 4: 725-734.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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This research study focuses on the stress-dilatancy and compressibility responses of recovered plastics (RP) when used as a supplementary material in blends with construction and demolition (C&D) materials. RP is comprised of different types of waste plastics with a diverse range of shapes, colors, and sizes. The compressibility and collapse potential of RP/C&D blends were assessed through a series of one-dimensional consolidation tests. The stress-dilatancy responses and shear strength of RP/C&D blends were also evaluated via a series of monotonic drained triaxial tests. The RP content was the governing factor affecting the compressibility of blends with limited effect on the collapse potential of C&D aggregates. Moreover, the stiffness and strength of RP/C&D blends decreased with the increase in RP content. The inclusion of RP enhanced the energy absorption of the blends through the increase in total work input upon shearing. Stress-dilatancy properties of the RP/C&D blends were also found to be governed by the total work input parameter. The dilatancy of blends was also modeled within the scope of critical state soil mechanics with the use of dilatancy parameters correlated with the total work input.

ACS Style

Mahdi Naeini; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. Stress-dilatancy responses of recovered plastics and demolition waste blends as a construction material. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 297, 123762 .

AMA Style

Mahdi Naeini, Alireza Mohammadinia, Arul Arulrajah, Suksun Horpibulsuk. Stress-dilatancy responses of recovered plastics and demolition waste blends as a construction material. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 297 ():123762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahdi Naeini; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. 2021. "Stress-dilatancy responses of recovered plastics and demolition waste blends as a construction material." Construction and Building Materials 297, no. : 123762.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2021 in Transportation Geotechnics
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Construction and demolition (C&D) waste materials have been used in a wide range of civil engineering applications, particularly as unbound pavement materials. A comprehensive understanding of the deformation and thermal properties of C&D materials is necessary for their usage in novel applications related to heat transfer in pavement unbound layers, such as geothermal pavements. This research study focused on developing a correlation between the resilient modulus (MR) and thermal conductivity of C&D materials for geothermal pavement applications. The thermal conductivity of C&D materials, namely recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), crushed brick (CB), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and waste rock (WR), was evaluated at different moisture contents and dry densities. The MR and permanent deformation responses of C&D materials were characterized at the optimum moisture content (OMC), 85%OMC, and 70%OMC, using the repeated load triaxial (RLT) test. An intelligent model was developed for predicting the MR of C&D materials incorporating thermal conductivity, physical properties, confining stress, and deviator stress as input parameters using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach. The developed ANFIS model had excellent performance in predicting the MR of C&D materials, with R2 = 0.99 for both training and testing datasets. The ANFIS model was converted into a mathematical relationship, which can be used by researchers and practitioners for estimating the MR of C&D materials.

ACS Style

Behnam Ghorbani; Arul Arulrajah; Guillermo Narsilio; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Melvyn Leong. Resilient moduli of demolition wastes in geothermal pavements: Experimental testing and ANFIS modelling. Transportation Geotechnics 2021, 29, 100592 .

AMA Style

Behnam Ghorbani, Arul Arulrajah, Guillermo Narsilio, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Melvyn Leong. Resilient moduli of demolition wastes in geothermal pavements: Experimental testing and ANFIS modelling. Transportation Geotechnics. 2021; 29 ():100592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behnam Ghorbani; Arul Arulrajah; Guillermo Narsilio; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Melvyn Leong. 2021. "Resilient moduli of demolition wastes in geothermal pavements: Experimental testing and ANFIS modelling." Transportation Geotechnics 29, no. : 100592.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2021 in Transportation Geotechnics
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Recycling and reusing of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes in pavement and railway construction increases the particle breakage probability which can change the materials’ performance. Past studies have investigated the effect of particle size and geometry on the breakage behavior of crushable materials; however, limited research has been conducted on the effect of loading rate and particle alignment on the breakage of C&D materials. This study focuses on the potential of particle breakage in crushed brick (CB) as a major component of the C&D waste stream. A series of single-particle crushing tests were performed on bulky and elongated CB particles with three different size groups at loading rates of 0.1-10 mm/min to investigate the impact of particle alignment in a granular assembly. The effect of particles’ shape and loading rate on the tensile strength and fractal dimension were examined. Discrete element method (DEM) was also utilized to monitor the internal stress distribution, breakage fragmentation and fracture energy during particle breakage. The tensile strength of CB particles was influenced significantly by particle size, shape and loading rate. In addition, it was found that the particle alignment not only increases the concentrated local failure leading to breakage but also affects the development of force chains and changes the amount of input/dissipated energy during failure.

ACS Style

Parisa Rahimzadeh Oskooei; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. DEM modeling and experimental analysis of the breakage behavior of recycled crushed brick particles. Transportation Geotechnics 2021, 30, 100586 .

AMA Style

Parisa Rahimzadeh Oskooei, Alireza Mohammadinia, Arul Arulrajah, Suksun Horpibulsuk. DEM modeling and experimental analysis of the breakage behavior of recycled crushed brick particles. Transportation Geotechnics. 2021; 30 ():100586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Parisa Rahimzadeh Oskooei; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. 2021. "DEM modeling and experimental analysis of the breakage behavior of recycled crushed brick particles." Transportation Geotechnics 30, no. : 100586.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment
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This paper investigates the potential of harvesting heat energy from geothermal pavements constructed with construction and demolition (C&D) waste materials, by using experimental and numerical methods. The deformation, stiffness, and shear strength properties of two types of C&D materials used for the construction of geothermal pavements, namely crushed brick (CB) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), were evaluated by performing repeated load triaxial (RLT) and quick shear tests. A multistage RLT test was adopted to investigate the deformation behavior of CB and RCA over a wide range of stress levels. The stiffness of materials was evaluated in different stress combinations. A small-scale prototype pavement system with a serpentine-shaped copper pipe was placed in the C&D base layer for evaluating the potential of heat energy extraction. Comparisons were made between the performance of CB and RCA for construction of geothermal pavements. RCA was found to be considerably superior to CB in terms of strength and deformation properties. On the other hand, the geothermal pavement constructed with CB was found to have slightly more favorable thermal performance due to the higher thermal conductivity of CB compared to RCA. A numerical model was developed and validated based on the experimental results to investigate the effect of design parameters on the thermal performance of the geothermal pavements. The effect of base layer thermal conductivity, Reynolds number, solar irradiance, inlet water temperature, and pipe embedment depth, was investigated on the surface temperature reduction and heat gain of the system. Overall, the construction of geothermal pavement with C&D materials was found to be a feasible approach which further enhances the environmental sustainability of the system.

ACS Style

Arul Arulrajah; Behnam Ghorbani; Guillermo Narsilio; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Melvyn Leong. Thermal performance of geothermal pavements constructed with demolition wastes. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment 2021, 28, 100253 .

AMA Style

Arul Arulrajah, Behnam Ghorbani, Guillermo Narsilio, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Melvyn Leong. Thermal performance of geothermal pavements constructed with demolition wastes. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment. 2021; 28 ():100253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arul Arulrajah; Behnam Ghorbani; Guillermo Narsilio; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Melvyn Leong. 2021. "Thermal performance of geothermal pavements constructed with demolition wastes." Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment 28, no. : 100253.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Transportation Geotechnics
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ACS Style

Mahdi Naeini; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. Cyclic behavior of semi-rigid recovered plastic blends in railway track substructure. Transportation Geotechnics 2021, 28, 1 .

AMA Style

Mahdi Naeini, Alireza Mohammadinia, Arul Arulrajah, Suksun Horpibulsuk. Cyclic behavior of semi-rigid recovered plastic blends in railway track substructure. Transportation Geotechnics. 2021; 28 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahdi Naeini; Alireza Mohammadinia; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. 2021. "Cyclic behavior of semi-rigid recovered plastic blends in railway track substructure." Transportation Geotechnics 28, no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 27 April 2021 in International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering
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Presently, pond ash is accumulated in large quantities in thermal power plants. There is potential for large-volume utilization of pond ash as a fill material. Applications involving mechanical stabilization of fills constructed with geogrid-reinforced pond ash is explored in the study. A systematic experimental program was carried out to evaluate the interface direct shear strength and axial pullout resistances of four to eight different uniaxial polyester geogrids embedded in pond ash. Geogrids of varying tensile strengths and opening area ratios were considered. No significant difference in the interfacial shear strengths was observed among the four different geogrids tested. Based on the interface direct shear strengths at peak and critical states, the efficiencies of geogrids were found to range from 62 to 83%. The axial pullout resistances of geogrids in pond ash were found to be high for grids with high tensile strength. Finally, based on extensive pullout test results, empirical equations were fitted to estimate the axial pullout resistance of uniaxial geogrids embedded in pond ash corresponding to two front-end axial pullout displacements of 30 mm and 60 mm. The proposed equations were found to agree very closely with the experimental results (R2 = 0.95).

ACS Style

Bhargav Kumar Karnamprabhakara; Umashankar Balunaini; Arul Arulrajah; Robert Evans. Axial Pullout Resistance and Interface Direct Shear Properties of Geogrids in Pond Ash. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering 2021, 7, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Bhargav Kumar Karnamprabhakara, Umashankar Balunaini, Arul Arulrajah, Robert Evans. Axial Pullout Resistance and Interface Direct Shear Properties of Geogrids in Pond Ash. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 2021; 7 (2):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhargav Kumar Karnamprabhakara; Umashankar Balunaini; Arul Arulrajah; Robert Evans. 2021. "Axial Pullout Resistance and Interface Direct Shear Properties of Geogrids in Pond Ash." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering 7, no. 2: 1-14.

Original paper
Published: 22 April 2021 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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The traditional firing process to manufacture building bricks is not sustainable because of the high firing temperature and greenhouse gas emission. Therefore, there is a growing incentive to invest in green technologies with minimal environmental impacts. This study ascertained the potential use of Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) and Tea Waste (TW) as additives to manufacture unfired clay bricks through alkali-activation. The ambition of this study is to divert SCG and TW from landfills and promote sustainable construction practice. An alkali-activated binder was used in this study by activating mill clay residues (precursor) with a liquid mixture of NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions at a fixed Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 0.7. Small amounts (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 wt%) of SCG and TW were added to the binder and mechanically blended for 2.5 min. Block samples were moulded by compressing the slurry in a steel mould. Once demoulded, the block samples were dried in an oven temperature at 110 °C for 24 h, then cured at ambient temperature. Fabricated samples were subjected to unconfined compressive strength test, moisture absorption test and tested samples were also characterised by Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM micrographs showed the discovery of active fungi in the samples containing high SCG content (5 wt% and above) but not in the samples made with TW. The results showed that the samples with up to 2.5 wt% SCG and 10 wt% TW met the minimum compressive strength requirement (8.6 MPa) for structural applications with satisfactory moisture absorption values, as per ASTM C62.

ACS Style

Leopold Lee Poh Chung; Yat Choy Wong; Arul Arulrajah. The Application of Spent Coffee Grounds and Tea Wastes as Additives in Alkali-Activated Bricks. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Leopold Lee Poh Chung, Yat Choy Wong, Arul Arulrajah. The Application of Spent Coffee Grounds and Tea Wastes as Additives in Alkali-Activated Bricks. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leopold Lee Poh Chung; Yat Choy Wong; Arul Arulrajah. 2021. "The Application of Spent Coffee Grounds and Tea Wastes as Additives in Alkali-Activated Bricks." Waste and Biomass Valorization , no. : 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Géotechnique
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Geothermal pavement systems are a novel type of energy geo-structures. They use sub-surface structures to exchange heat with the ground and therefore, provide thermal energy in addition to structural support. The thermo-activation of pavements has been largely overlooked in the literature. This research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model to explore the thermal performance of geothermal pavement systems. The 3D FE model developed was successfully validated with both data measured from a full-scale experiment undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia and other published data. The validated model is further employed to evaluate the long-term performance of a geothermal pavement system under both a traditional system configuration as well as for a hybrid system. Furthermore, a life cycle cost analysis is performed to explore the cost implication of such pavement systems. Results show that a geothermal pavement with total pipe length of 640 m, or a hybrid system (a geothermal pavement system with a pipe length of 320 m and an auxiliary system) can provide for sufficient space heating and cooling for a typical residential building in Australia. It is found that, compared with conventional heating and cooling systems, the geothermal pavement system is indeed a cost-effective solution. This research study indicates that this pavement technology can be successfully implemented in the field and accurately modelled using FE techniques.

ACS Style

Xiaoying Gu; Nikolas Makasis; Yaser Motamedi; Guillermo A. Narsilio; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance. Géotechnique 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Xiaoying Gu, Nikolas Makasis, Yaser Motamedi, Guillermo A. Narsilio, Arul Arulrajah, Suksun Horpibulsuk. Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance. Géotechnique. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoying Gu; Nikolas Makasis; Yaser Motamedi; Guillermo A. Narsilio; Arul Arulrajah; Suksun Horpibulsuk. 2021. "Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance." Géotechnique , no. : 1-15.

Research article
Published: 11 April 2021 in Journal of Natural Fibers
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In this research, a natural kenaf geogrid was used to reinforce recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a base/subbase material. The interface shear behavior of kenaf geogrid-reinforced RCA was investigated using a large-scale direct shear test (LSDT). The influence of aperture sizes of geogrid, gradations of RCA, and normal stress on the interface friction angle (δ) and adhesion (ca) of kenaf geogrid-reinforced RCA was evaluated. The interface shear strength of kenaf geogrid-reinforced RCA were found to be dependent upon the gradation of RCA and the aperture size of kenaf geogrids (D). The higher D resulted in the higher δ, while exhibited less effect on ca of the large-sized RCA samples. Furthermore, it was found that the higher D resulted in the higher ca of the small-sized RCA samples and indicated less influence on the δ. A practical correlation between the interface shear strength coefficient (α) and D/FD ratio, where FD is RCA particles finer than D, is proposed for the rapid estimation of the interface shear strength between the kenaf geogrid and RCA. The outcome of this research will lead to the promotion of using kenaf geogrids as a natural reinforcement in waste RCA for sustainable pavement base/subbase applications.

ACS Style

Apichat Suddeepong; Menglim Hoy; Chaninnun Nuntasena; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Karn Kantatham; Arul Arulrajah. Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength of Natural Kenaf Geogrid and Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Pavement Applications. Journal of Natural Fibers 2021, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Apichat Suddeepong, Menglim Hoy, Chaninnun Nuntasena, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Karn Kantatham, Arul Arulrajah. Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength of Natural Kenaf Geogrid and Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Pavement Applications. Journal of Natural Fibers. 2021; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Apichat Suddeepong; Menglim Hoy; Chaninnun Nuntasena; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Karn Kantatham; Arul Arulrajah. 2021. "Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength of Natural Kenaf Geogrid and Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Pavement Applications." Journal of Natural Fibers , no. : 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Brick clay mill residues are a type of particulate by-product that can cause environmental and health issues due to the content of fine particulate matter. The present research investigated the viability of using the brick clay mill residue to produce non-fired masonry units by sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. The compressive strength, linear shrinkage, bulk density and microstructure have been examined. It was found that the adoption of low-temperature (50 °C) moist-curing (90% relative humidity) significantly improved the strength of samples and prevent samples from the issue of surface cracking. The best time for moist curing was 48 h, and the optimal elevated curing temperature was 155 °C. The duration required to achieve ultimate compressive strengths for the samples cured at 200, 155, 110 and 65 °C was 24, 24, 48 and 120 h, respectively. The results showed that the compressive strength of brick samples ranged from 24 to 48 MPa, complying with ASTM C62 and ASTM C55. In addition, the FTIR and SEM-EDX results indicated that the strength gain was attributed to the formation of new network of aluminosilicate. The comparison of this alkali-activated and fired bricks showed that the bricks of this study had the potential to conserve energy and reduce emissions. In conclusion, this study revealed that the brick clay mill residues can be used to produce alkali-activated bricks.

ACS Style

Zipeng Zhang; Yat Choy Wong; Arul Arulrajah. Feasibility of producing non-fired compressed masonry units from brick clay mill residues by alkali activation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 306, 126916 .

AMA Style

Zipeng Zhang, Yat Choy Wong, Arul Arulrajah. Feasibility of producing non-fired compressed masonry units from brick clay mill residues by alkali activation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 306 ():126916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zipeng Zhang; Yat Choy Wong; Arul Arulrajah. 2021. "Feasibility of producing non-fired compressed masonry units from brick clay mill residues by alkali activation." Journal of Cleaner Production 306, no. : 126916.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This research investigated the effects of types of cohesive-frictional soil and geotextile reinforcement configurations on the bearing capacity of reinforced soil foundation (RSF) structures, via laboratory test and numerical simulation. The four reinforcement configurations studied for the RSF included: (i) horizontal planar form of geotextile, (ii) full-wraparound ends of geotextile, (iii) full-wraparound ends of geotextile with filled-in sand, and (iv) full-wraparound ends of geotextile with filled-in sand and sand backfill. The foundation soils studied were mixtures of fine sand and sodium bentonite at replacement ratios of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% by dry weight of sand to have various values of plasticity index (PI). The numerical analysis of RSF structures was performed using PLAXIS 2D software. Several factors were studied, which included: embedment depth of the top reinforcement layer (U), width of horizontal planar form of the reinforcement (W), and spacing between geotextile reinforcement layers (H). Number of reinforcement layers (N) was varied to determine the optimum parameters of U/B, W/B, H/B, and N, where B is the footing width. The most effective improvement technique was found for the full wraparound ends of geotextile with filled-in sand and sand backfill. The outcome of this research will provide a preliminary guideline in a design of RSF structure with different ground soils and other RSF structures with different geosynthetic types.

ACS Style

Gampanart Sukmak; Patimapon Sukmak; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Menglim Hoy; Arul Arulrajah. Load Bearing Capacity of Cohesive-Frictional Soils Reinforced with Full-Wraparound Geotextiles: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2973 .

AMA Style

Gampanart Sukmak, Patimapon Sukmak, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Menglim Hoy, Arul Arulrajah. Load Bearing Capacity of Cohesive-Frictional Soils Reinforced with Full-Wraparound Geotextiles: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (7):2973.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gampanart Sukmak; Patimapon Sukmak; Suksun Horpibulsuk; Menglim Hoy; Arul Arulrajah. 2021. "Load Bearing Capacity of Cohesive-Frictional Soils Reinforced with Full-Wraparound Geotextiles: Experimental and Numerical Investigation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7: 2973.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and construction and demolition (C&D) wastes contribute to a substantial fraction of the annual landfilling waste composition of the world. Substituting traditional road construction materials with PET/C&D blends is a sustainable solution for the increasing landfilling requirement and increasing demand for the natural quarry aggregates. This study evaluates the main geotechnical parameters of the geopolymer-stabilized blends comprising of two main C&D types, namely recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and crushed brick (CB), in blends with 5% PET fragments (% by mass). 10%Fly ash (FA), 10%Slag (S) and 5%FA + 5%S were used as the precursors at a fixed liquid activator to precursor ratio of 0.4, and the alkaline activator for the geopolymer solution was comprised of 30:70 ratio of liquid NaOH:Na2SiO3 solution. Strength and stiffness characteristics of the stabilized blends were evaluated by unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. The resilient modulus (MR) values of the geopolymer-stabilized blends under different cyclic axial stresses and confining stresses were assessed by repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. Bulk stress and three-parameter model parameters were determined from the RLT test data to predict the variation of MR of the geopolymer-stabilized PET/C&D blends. All the geopolymer-stabilized blends using 5%FA + 5%S and 10%S as precursors satisfied the minimum UCS limit of the granular materials for light traffic road bases/subbases. Geopolymer-stabilized PET/C&D was identified as a potential, sustainable option for the stabilization of upcoming road bases/subbases.

ACS Style

Arul Arulrajah; Sahan Perera; Yat Choy Wong; Farshid Maghool; Suksun Horpibulsuk. Stabilization of PET plastic-demolition waste blends using fly ash and slag-based geopolymers in light traffic road bases/subbases. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 284, 122809 .

AMA Style

Arul Arulrajah, Sahan Perera, Yat Choy Wong, Farshid Maghool, Suksun Horpibulsuk. Stabilization of PET plastic-demolition waste blends using fly ash and slag-based geopolymers in light traffic road bases/subbases. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 284 ():122809.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arul Arulrajah; Sahan Perera; Yat Choy Wong; Farshid Maghool; Suksun Horpibulsuk. 2021. "Stabilization of PET plastic-demolition waste blends using fly ash and slag-based geopolymers in light traffic road bases/subbases." Construction and Building Materials 284, no. : 122809.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2021 in Soils and Foundations
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Geotechnical structures made of granular material tend to be unsaturated during their service life. However, there is presently a lack of sufficient research and studies on their volumetric behavior under unsaturated conditions. In this study, loading and wetting induced volumetric behavior of granular materials in the unsaturated state was studied within a moisture content-based framework. Recycled crushed brick (CB) and excavation waste rock (WR) were the granular materials used in this research to promote sustainable construction. Several loading, unloading, and wetting state paths were investigated with respect to virgin compaction surfaces (VCS) developed using groups of compaction curves. The obtained experimental data was utilized to develop a constitutive model capable of predicting wetting-induced volume changes of granular materials in a net stress range of 100–4000 kPa and gravimetric moisture content range of 3.6% for WR, and 7.5% for CB to saturation. The model was verified by undertaking several independent state paths on independent materials and comparing the experimental responses with those predicted using the model. The proposed model is featured with simplicity in acquiring the model input parameters with the aim of filling the existing gap between the theoretical and real-life application of unsaturated soil mechanics. An application of the model can be the basis for the prediction of the settlement of a granular geotechnical structure that is being externally loaded and is subject to changes in moisture content due to climatic effects.

ACS Style

Ehsan Yaghoubi; Mahdi M. Disfani; Arul Arulrajah; Asmaa Al-Taie. A prediction model for the loading-wetting volumetric behavior of unsaturated granular materials. Soils and Foundations 2021, 61, 623 -641.

AMA Style

Ehsan Yaghoubi, Mahdi M. Disfani, Arul Arulrajah, Asmaa Al-Taie. A prediction model for the loading-wetting volumetric behavior of unsaturated granular materials. Soils and Foundations. 2021; 61 (3):623-641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ehsan Yaghoubi; Mahdi M. Disfani; Arul Arulrajah; Asmaa Al-Taie. 2021. "A prediction model for the loading-wetting volumetric behavior of unsaturated granular materials." Soils and Foundations 61, no. 3: 623-641.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Transportation Geotechnics
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This paper studies the discrete element modeling (DEM) of the thermal-geomechanical effect of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) assemblies when harnessing renewable geothermal energy from pavement bases. This research study aims to simulate the behavior of RCA under repeated load triaxial test (RLT) at temperatures varying from 20 °C to 80 °C, to simulate temperature effects when harnessing geothermal energy from pavements. The DEM approach was used to simulate unsaturated soil considering interparticle water meniscus and the variation in its force due to the temperature fluctuation. In this research study, RCA samples with different particle size distributions were simulated under RLT test condition for various temperature conditions. According to the macro-geomechanical results, the resilient modulus (MR), porosity, and accumulated strain of samples showed different trends under varying temperatures. Comparing the micro-geomechanical behavior of the samples indicated that matric suction decreased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the particle scale matric suction was found to be affected by the size ratio of the contacted particles. It was observed that varying the size ratio between 1 and 4 led to a higher average matric suction. The evolution of coordination number (CN), contact normal and contact normal force indicated that samples with higher sand content experienced decrease in CN and magnitude of contact normal by increasing temperature. Meanwhile, samples with lower sand content tended to have an increased CN and magnitude of contact normal in the direction of anisotropy at increased temperatures. An equation was also proposed to predict MR based on matric suction and the ratio of fine over coarse content, based on the RCA particle sizes.

ACS Style

Hooman Baghban; Arul Arulrajah; Guillermo A. Narsilio; Suksun Horpibulsuk. DEM simulation of the thermo-geomechanical effect of recycled concrete aggregate assemblies in geothermal pavement bases. Transportation Geotechnics 2021, 28, 100528 .

AMA Style

Hooman Baghban, Arul Arulrajah, Guillermo A. Narsilio, Suksun Horpibulsuk. DEM simulation of the thermo-geomechanical effect of recycled concrete aggregate assemblies in geothermal pavement bases. Transportation Geotechnics. 2021; 28 ():100528.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hooman Baghban; Arul Arulrajah; Guillermo A. Narsilio; Suksun Horpibulsuk. 2021. "DEM simulation of the thermo-geomechanical effect of recycled concrete aggregate assemblies in geothermal pavement bases." Transportation Geotechnics 28, no. : 100528.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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The long-term integrity of fly ash (FA) geopolymer-stabilized high-percentage reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in the pavement base layer was investigated in this research. The FA geopolymer-stabilized RAP and virgin aggregate (VA) mixes were studied as an economical and durable alternative to 100% VA bases, with an emphasis on the influence of curing time. The maturity age of FA is usually set as 28 days, similar to traditional portland cement. However, due to partial pozzolanic reactions, though geopolymerized, the dilution of partial FA particles does not fully play its role at 28 days of curing time. Hence, this is not a realistic reference time for predicting the service life of FA geopolymer-stabilized aggregate blends. Therefore, a detailed experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate the ultimate strength, durability, and microstructural characteristics of four distinct FA geopolymer-stabilized RAP:VA blends for a long-term ambient curing time up to 270 days. In this study, the long-term cured specimens showed significant improvement in mechanical strength and stiffness, yielding lower permanent deformations. It was noticed that only about 12% and 40% average unconfined compressive strength (UCS) could be achieved in 7- and 28-day cured specimens, respectively, with reference to their ultimate strength at 270 days. Hence, to examine the microstructural characteristics of powdered FA geopolymer blends, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies were performed. The test results revealed that the consumption of reactive metal ions was continued for an extended period under a controlled curing regime, which resulted in improved mechanical strength and durability of the solidified product.

ACS Style

Maheshbabu Jallu; Sireesh Saride; Arul Arulrajah; Subrahmanyam Challapalli; Robert Evans. Effect of Curing Time on the Performance of Fly Ash Geopolymer-Stabilized RAP Bases. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2021, 33, 04021001 .

AMA Style

Maheshbabu Jallu, Sireesh Saride, Arul Arulrajah, Subrahmanyam Challapalli, Robert Evans. Effect of Curing Time on the Performance of Fly Ash Geopolymer-Stabilized RAP Bases. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2021; 33 (3):04021001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maheshbabu Jallu; Sireesh Saride; Arul Arulrajah; Subrahmanyam Challapalli; Robert Evans. 2021. "Effect of Curing Time on the Performance of Fly Ash Geopolymer-Stabilized RAP Bases." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33, no. 3: 04021001.