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Whilst multiple countries in Europe have wildlife health surveillance (WHS) programmes, they vary in scope. In many countries, coordinated general surveillance at a national scale is not conducted and the knowledge of wildlife health status in Europe remains limited. Learning lessons from countries with established systems may help others to effectively implement WHS schemes. In order to facilitate information exchange, the WHS Network of the European Wildlife Disease Association organised a workshop to both collate knowledge and experience from countries that had started or expanded WHS programmes and to translate this information into practical recommendations. Presentations were given by invited representatives of European countries with different WHS levels. Events that led to the start-up and fostered growth spurts of WHS were highlighted, including action plan creation, partnership formation, organisation restructuring and appraisal by external audit. Challenges to programme development, such as a lack of funding, data sharing, infrastructural provision and method harmonisation, were explored. Recommendations to help overcome key challenges were summarised as: understanding and awareness; cross-sectoral scope; national-scale collaboration; harmonisation of methods; government support; academic support; other funding support; staff expertise and capacity; leadership, feedback and engagement; and threat mitigation and wildlife disease management. This resource may enable the development of WHS programmes in Europe and beyond.
Becki Lawson; Aleksija Neimanis; Antonio Lavazza; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Paul Tavernier; Charalambos Billinis; J. Paul Duff; Daniel T. Mladenov; Jolianne M. Rijks; Sara Savić; Gudrun Wibbelt; Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis; Thijs Kuiken. How to Start Up a National Wildlife Health Surveillance Programme. Animals 2021, 11, 2543 .
AMA StyleBecki Lawson, Aleksija Neimanis, Antonio Lavazza, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Paul Tavernier, Charalambos Billinis, J. Paul Duff, Daniel T. Mladenov, Jolianne M. Rijks, Sara Savić, Gudrun Wibbelt, Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis, Thijs Kuiken. How to Start Up a National Wildlife Health Surveillance Programme. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBecki Lawson; Aleksija Neimanis; Antonio Lavazza; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Paul Tavernier; Charalambos Billinis; J. Paul Duff; Daniel T. Mladenov; Jolianne M. Rijks; Sara Savić; Gudrun Wibbelt; Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis; Thijs Kuiken. 2021. "How to Start Up a National Wildlife Health Surveillance Programme." Animals 11, no. 9: 2543.
The Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus. Despite its continuous circulation in Europe, knowledge on the pathology, cellular and tissue tropism and pathogenetic potential of different circulating viral lineages is still fragmentary. Here, macroscopic and microscopic evaluations are performed in association with the study of cell and tissue tropism and comparison of lesion severity of two circulating virus lineages (Europe 3; Africa 3) in 160 Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) in the Netherlands. Results confirm hepatosplenomegaly, coagulative necrosis and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation as major patterns of lesions and, for the first time, vasculitis as a novel virus-associated lesion. A USUV and Plasmodium spp. co-infection was commonly identified. The virus was associated with lesions by immunohistochemistry and was reported most commonly in endothelial cells and blood circulating and tissue mononucleated cells, suggesting them as a major route of entry and spread. A tropism for mononuclear phagocytes cells was further supported by viral labeling in multinucleated giant cells. The involvement of ganglionic neurons and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract suggests a possible role of oral transmission, while the involvement of feather follicle shafts and bulbs suggests their use as a diagnostic sample for live bird testing. Finally, results suggest similar pathogenicity for the two circulating lineages.
Giuseppe Giglia; Gianfilippo Agliani; Bas Munnink; Reina Sikkema; Maria Mandara; Elvio Lepri; Marja Kik; Jooske Ijzer; Jolianne Rijks; Christine Fast; Marion Koopmans; Monique Verheije; Andrea Gröne; Chantal Reusken; Judith Van Den Brand. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) Naturally Infected with Usutu Virus. Viruses 2021, 13, 1481 .
AMA StyleGiuseppe Giglia, Gianfilippo Agliani, Bas Munnink, Reina Sikkema, Maria Mandara, Elvio Lepri, Marja Kik, Jooske Ijzer, Jolianne Rijks, Christine Fast, Marion Koopmans, Monique Verheije, Andrea Gröne, Chantal Reusken, Judith Van Den Brand. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) Naturally Infected with Usutu Virus. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1481.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiuseppe Giglia; Gianfilippo Agliani; Bas Munnink; Reina Sikkema; Maria Mandara; Elvio Lepri; Marja Kik; Jooske Ijzer; Jolianne Rijks; Christine Fast; Marion Koopmans; Monique Verheije; Andrea Gröne; Chantal Reusken; Judith Van Den Brand. 2021. "Pathology and Pathogenesis of Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) Naturally Infected with Usutu Virus." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1481.
Members of the genus Bartonella are Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Bartonella alsatica was detected in the spleens and livers of 7 out of 56 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and in the liver of 1 out of 87 domestic rabbits in the Netherlands. The molecular evidence of B. alsatica infection in wild as well as domestic rabbits indicates the possibility of exposure to humans when these come in close contact with rabbits and possibly their fleas with subsequent risk of Bartonella infection and disease.
Marja Kik; Ryanne Jaarsma; Jooske Ijzer; Hein Sprong; Andrea Gröne; Jolianne Rijks. Bartonella alsatica in Wild and Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in The Netherlands. Microbiology Research 2021, 12, 524 -527.
AMA StyleMarja Kik, Ryanne Jaarsma, Jooske Ijzer, Hein Sprong, Andrea Gröne, Jolianne Rijks. Bartonella alsatica in Wild and Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in The Netherlands. Microbiology Research. 2021; 12 (2):524-527.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarja Kik; Ryanne Jaarsma; Jooske Ijzer; Hein Sprong; Andrea Gröne; Jolianne Rijks. 2021. "Bartonella alsatica in Wild and Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in The Netherlands." Microbiology Research 12, no. 2: 524-527.
Countries survey wildlife for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) to ensure case detection or to ascertain a high probability of freedom from bTB in wildlife. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) is a potential bTB reservoir host. Between 2008 and 2019, 282 badgers were examined post-mortem in the context of general wildlife disease and targeted bTB surveillance programmes in the Netherlands, and no bTB cases were detected. However, it was unclear how effective this surveillance effort was to demonstrate freedom from Mycobacterium bovis infection in the badger population of ±6000 or to detect cases if present. Therefore, surveillance effectiveness was assessed using scenario tree modelling. For lack of standards for wildlife, the models were run against three assumed levels of disease in the population called design prevalence P*: 0.1%, 0.5%, and 3%. A small risk of introduction (0.015/year) was applied, because the Netherlands are officially free from bTB in cattle, with rare import of bTB-infected cattle and no bTB-infected wildlife reported along the Belgian and German borders with the Netherlands. Surveillance more readily picks up bTB presence in badgers when case detection sensitivity tends towards 100% and demonstrates freedom best when the probability of freedom tends towards 100%. For P* 0.1%, 0.5% and 3%, respectively, maximum case detection sensitivity during 2008–2019 was 8%, 35% and 94% and the probability of freedom in 2019 was 46%, 67%, and 95%. At P* = 3%, performing targeted surveillance on 300 badgers in a year would make it extremely unlikely to miss a case (case detection sensitivity > 99.9%); and if no cases are detected, the adjusted probability of freedom would then reach nearly 98.5%. Stakeholders should be made aware that at P* = 3%, one case detected implies around 3% infected badgers. Additional surveillance system components to assess bTB in wildlife and its economics are to be explored further.
Mario Orrico; Gerdien van Schaik; Ad Koets; Jan Van Den Broek; Margriet Montizaan; Maurice La Haye; Jolianne M. Rijks. The effectiveness of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Dutch badgers. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMario Orrico, Gerdien van Schaik, Ad Koets, Jan Van Den Broek, Margriet Montizaan, Maurice La Haye, Jolianne M. Rijks. The effectiveness of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Dutch badgers. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Orrico; Gerdien van Schaik; Ad Koets; Jan Van Den Broek; Margriet Montizaan; Maurice La Haye; Jolianne M. Rijks. 2021. "The effectiveness of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Dutch badgers." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
The trimeric hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein (HEF) of influenza D virus (IDV) binds 9-O-acetylated sialic acid receptors, which are expressed in various host species. While cattle are the main reservoir for IDV, the viral genome has also been detected in domestic pigs. In addition, antibodies against IDV have been detected in other farm animals such as sheep, goats, and horses, and even in farmers working with IDV positive animals. Viruses belonging to various IDV clades circulate, but little is known about their differences in host and tissue tropism. Here we used recombinantly produced HEF proteins (HEF S57A) from the major clades D/Oklahoma (D/OK) and D/Oklahoma/660 (D/660) to study their host and tissue tropism and receptor interactions. To this end, we developed tissue microarrays (TMA) composed of respiratory tissues from various farm animals including cattle, domestic pigs, sheep, goats, and horses. Protein histochemical staining of farm animal respiratory tissue-microarrays with HEF proteins showed that cattle have receptors present over the entire respiratory tract while receptors are only present in the nasal and pharyngeal epithelium of pigs, sheep, goats, and horses. No differences in tropism for tissues and animals were observed between clades, while hemagglutination assays showed that D/OK has a 2-fold higher binding affinity than D/660 for receptors on red blood cells. The removal of O-acetylation from receptors via saponification treatment confirmed that receptor-binding of both clades was dependent on O-acetylated sialic acids.
Nikoloz Nemanichvili; Alinda Berends; Richard Wubbolts; Andrea Gröne; Jolianne Rijks; Robert de Vries; Monique Verheije. Tissue Microarrays to Visualize Influenza D Attachment to Host Receptors in the Respiratory Tract of Farm Animals. Viruses 2021, 13, 586 .
AMA StyleNikoloz Nemanichvili, Alinda Berends, Richard Wubbolts, Andrea Gröne, Jolianne Rijks, Robert de Vries, Monique Verheije. Tissue Microarrays to Visualize Influenza D Attachment to Host Receptors in the Respiratory Tract of Farm Animals. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):586.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikoloz Nemanichvili; Alinda Berends; Richard Wubbolts; Andrea Gröne; Jolianne Rijks; Robert de Vries; Monique Verheije. 2021. "Tissue Microarrays to Visualize Influenza D Attachment to Host Receptors in the Respiratory Tract of Farm Animals." Viruses 13, no. 4: 586.
Human babesiosis in Europe has been attributed to infection with Babesia divergens and, to a lesser extent, with Babesia venatorum and Babesia microti, which are all transmitted to humans through a bite of Ixodes ricinus. These Babesia species circulate in the Netherlands, but autochthonous human babesiosis cases have not been reported so far. To gain more insight into the natural sources of these Babesia species, their presence in reservoir hosts and in I. ricinus was examined. Moreover, part of the ticks were tested for co-infections with other tick borne pathogens. In a cross-sectional study, qPCR-detection was used to determine the presence of Babesia species in 4611 tissue samples from 27 mammalian species and 13 bird species. Reverse line blotting (RLB) and qPCR detection of Babesia species were used to test 25,849 questing I. ricinus. Fragments of the 18S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from PCR-positive isolates were sequenced for confirmation and species identification and species-specific PCR reactions were performed on samples with suspected mixed infections. Babesia microti was found in two widespread rodent species: Myodes glareolus and Apodemus sylvaticus, whereas B. divergens was detected in the geographically restricted Cervus elaphus and Bison bonasus, and occasionally in free-ranging Ovis aries. B. venatorum was detected in the ubiquitous Capreolus capreolus, and occasionally in free-ranging O. aries. Species-specific PCR revealed co-infections in C. capreolus and C. elaphus, resulting in higher prevalence of B. venatorum and B. divergens than disclosed by qPCR detection, followed by 18S rDNA and COI sequencing. The non-zoonotic Babesia species found were Babesia capreoli, Babesia vulpes, Babesia sp. deer clade, and badger-associated Babesia species. The infection rate of zoonotic Babesia species in questing I. ricinus ticks was higher for Babesia clade I (2.6%) than Babesia clade X (1.9%). Co-infection of B. microti with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Neoehrlichia mikurensis in questing nymphs occurred more than expected, which reflects their mutual reservoir hosts, and suggests the possibility of co-transmission of these three pathogens to humans during a tick bite. The ubiquitous spread and abundance of B. microti and B. venatorum in their reservoir hosts and questing ticks imply some level of human exposure through tick bites. The restricted distribution of the wild reservoir hosts for B. divergens and its low infection rate in ticks might contribute to the absence of reported autochthonous cases of human babesiosis in the Netherlands.
Tal Azagi; Ryanne Jaarsma; Arieke Docters van Leeuwen; Manoj Fonville; Miriam Maas; Frits Franssen; Marja Kik; Jolianne Rijks; Margriet Montizaan; Margit Groenevelt; Mark Hoyer; Helen Esser; Aleksandra Krawczyk; David Modrý; Hein Sprong; Samiye Demir. Circulation of Babesia Species and Their Exposure to Humans through Ixodes ricinus. Pathogens 2021, 10, 386 .
AMA StyleTal Azagi, Ryanne Jaarsma, Arieke Docters van Leeuwen, Manoj Fonville, Miriam Maas, Frits Franssen, Marja Kik, Jolianne Rijks, Margriet Montizaan, Margit Groenevelt, Mark Hoyer, Helen Esser, Aleksandra Krawczyk, David Modrý, Hein Sprong, Samiye Demir. Circulation of Babesia Species and Their Exposure to Humans through Ixodes ricinus. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTal Azagi; Ryanne Jaarsma; Arieke Docters van Leeuwen; Manoj Fonville; Miriam Maas; Frits Franssen; Marja Kik; Jolianne Rijks; Margriet Montizaan; Margit Groenevelt; Mark Hoyer; Helen Esser; Aleksandra Krawczyk; David Modrý; Hein Sprong; Samiye Demir. 2021. "Circulation of Babesia Species and Their Exposure to Humans through Ixodes ricinus." Pathogens 10, no. 4: 386.
Finch trichomonosis in Europe is caused by a Trichomonas gallinae subtype A1 strain, considered to be clonal because lacking genetic heterogeneity in partial genotyping. The disease recently emerged and has been associated with a 66% reduction of the British breeding greenfinch (Chloris chloris) population. In contrast, in the Netherlands, where trichomonosis was detected in 2009, the breeding greenfinch population continued to grow in subsequent years. This study aimed to elucidate whether this discrepancy in population trends is because Trichomonas infection in Dutch greenfinches is associated with less severe disease, i.e., disease being less fatal. Therefore, it characterized and quantified trichomonosis in a convenience sample of greenfinches found dead and examined post-mortem between 2009 and 2017 and compared results to published data from Great Britain. Trichomonads were detected by cytology, histology, or culture in 95/101 greenfinches. The birds with trichomonads all had microscopic lesions in the upper digestive tract consistent with trichomonosis, indicating the trichomonads caused disease. The occurrence of significant lesions due to other causes was low. Some greenfinches with trichomonosis showed no macroscopic lesions. These birds showed significantly less ulceration of the mucosa and less extensive heterophil infiltration, but extent of macrophage infiltration and presence of bacteria was similar to that of birds with macroscopic lesions, and significant lesions due to other causes were equally rare. Therefore, trichomonosis was considered similarly fatal in both groups. The frequency of fatal trichomonosis in the Dutch greenfinches did not differ significantly from that reported from Great Britain. Partial genotyping of the ITS1-5,8S-ITS2 and Fe-hydrogenase regions of T. gallinae was performed to detect genetic heterogeneity, that could indicate the presence of other, possibly less virulent, strains. In 60/63 samples there was full alignment of sequences with the clonal strain of T. gallinae subtype A1. The remaining three samples had the same single synonymous nucleotide difference in the Fe-hydrogenase region; however, pathology is these three was identical to the others. Collectively, the results provide no clear evidence for less severe disease as explanation for the discrepancy in census data trends. We conclude that trichomonosis is a threat concealed in Dutch breeding greenfinch census data.
Jolianne M. Rijks; Andrea A. G. Laumen; Roy Slaterus; Julia Stahl; Andrea Gröne; Marja L. Kik. Trichomonosis in Greenfinches (Chloris chloris) in the Netherlands 2009–2017: A Concealed Threat. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2019, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleJolianne M. Rijks, Andrea A. G. Laumen, Roy Slaterus, Julia Stahl, Andrea Gröne, Marja L. Kik. Trichomonosis in Greenfinches (Chloris chloris) in the Netherlands 2009–2017: A Concealed Threat. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019; 6 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJolianne M. Rijks; Andrea A. G. Laumen; Roy Slaterus; Julia Stahl; Andrea Gröne; Marja L. Kik. 2019. "Trichomonosis in Greenfinches (Chloris chloris) in the Netherlands 2009–2017: A Concealed Threat." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6, no. : 1.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is currently regarded as a single species. However, molecular studies indicate that it can be subdivided into ecotypes, each with distinct but overlapping transmission cycle. Here, we evaluate the interactions between and within clusters of haplotypes of the bacterium isolated from vertebrates and ticks, using phylogenetic and network-based methods. The presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA was determined in ticks and vertebrate tissue samples. A fragment of the groEl gene was amplified and sequenced from qPCR-positive lysates. Additional groEl sequences from ticks and vertebrate reservoirs were obtained from GenBank and through literature searches, resulting in a dataset consisting of 1623 A. phagocytophilum field isolates. Phylogenetic analyses were used to infer clusters of haplotypes and to assess phylogenetic clustering of A. phagocytophilum in vertebrates or ticks. Network-based methods were used to resolve host-vector interactions and their relative importance in the segregating communities of haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in 199 haplotypes within eight network-derived clusters, which were allocated to four ecotypes. The interactions of haplotypes between ticks, vertebrates and geographical origin, were visualized and quantified from networks. A high number of haplotypes were recorded in the tick Ixodes ricinus. Communities of A. phagocytophilum recorded from Korea, Japan, Far Eastern Russia, as well as those associated with rodents had no links with the larger set of isolates associated with I. ricinus, suggesting different evolutionary pressures. Rodents appeared to have a range of haplotypes associated with either Ixodes trianguliceps or Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes pavlovskyi. Haplotypes found in rodents in Russia had low similarities with those recorded in rodents in other regions and shaped separate communities. The groEl gene fragment of A. phagocytophilum provides information about spatial segregation and associations of haplotypes to particular vector-host interactions. Further research is needed to understand the circulation of this bacterium in the gap between Europe and Asia before the overview of the speciation features of this bacterium is complete. Environmental traits may also play a role in the evolution of A. phagocytophilum in ecotypes through yet unknown relationships.
Ryanne I. Jaarsma; Hein Sprong; Katsuhisa Takumi; Maria Kazimirova; Cornelia Silaghi; Atle Mysterud; Ivo Rudolf; Relja Beck; Gábor Földvári; Laura Tomassone; Margit Groenevelt; Reinard R. Everts; Jolianne M. Rijks; Frauke Ecke; Birger Hörnfeldt; David Modrý; Karolina Majerová; Jan Votýpka; Agustín Estrada-Peña. Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks. Parasites & Vectors 2019, 12, 1 -17.
AMA StyleRyanne I. Jaarsma, Hein Sprong, Katsuhisa Takumi, Maria Kazimirova, Cornelia Silaghi, Atle Mysterud, Ivo Rudolf, Relja Beck, Gábor Földvári, Laura Tomassone, Margit Groenevelt, Reinard R. Everts, Jolianne M. Rijks, Frauke Ecke, Birger Hörnfeldt, David Modrý, Karolina Majerová, Jan Votýpka, Agustín Estrada-Peña. Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks. Parasites & Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyanne I. Jaarsma; Hein Sprong; Katsuhisa Takumi; Maria Kazimirova; Cornelia Silaghi; Atle Mysterud; Ivo Rudolf; Relja Beck; Gábor Földvári; Laura Tomassone; Margit Groenevelt; Reinard R. Everts; Jolianne M. Rijks; Frauke Ecke; Birger Hörnfeldt; David Modrý; Karolina Majerová; Jan Votýpka; Agustín Estrada-Peña. 2019. "Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1: 1-17.
To increase knowledge of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) circulation in the Netherlands, we conducted serosurveillance in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) during 2017 and compared results with those obtained during 2010. Results corroborate a more widespread occurrence of the virus in 2017. Additional precautionary public health measures have been taken.
Jolianne M. Rijks; Margriet G.E. Montizaan; Nine Bakker; Ankje De Vries; Steven Van Gucht; Corien Swaan; Jan Van Den Broek; Andrea Gröne; Hein Sprong. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Antibodies in Roe Deer, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2019, 25, 342 -345.
AMA StyleJolianne M. Rijks, Margriet G.E. Montizaan, Nine Bakker, Ankje De Vries, Steven Van Gucht, Corien Swaan, Jan Van Den Broek, Andrea Gröne, Hein Sprong. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Antibodies in Roe Deer, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019; 25 (2):342-345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJolianne M. Rijks; Margriet G.E. Montizaan; Nine Bakker; Ankje De Vries; Steven Van Gucht; Corien Swaan; Jan Van Den Broek; Andrea Gröne; Hein Sprong. 2019. "Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Antibodies in Roe Deer, the Netherlands." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 2: 342-345.
Jolianne M. Rijks; Margriet G.E. Montizaan; Hans Dannenberg; Lenie A. Algra-Verkerk; Delphine H. Nourisson; Andrea Gröne; Martin Hennecken; P. Paulsen; A. Bauer; F.J.M. Smulders. 9. European Community food safety regulations taking effect in the hunted game food chain: an assessment with stakeholders in the Netherlands. Game meat hygiene 2017, 153 -174.
AMA StyleJolianne M. Rijks, Margriet G.E. Montizaan, Hans Dannenberg, Lenie A. Algra-Verkerk, Delphine H. Nourisson, Andrea Gröne, Martin Hennecken, P. Paulsen, A. Bauer, F.J.M. Smulders. 9. European Community food safety regulations taking effect in the hunted game food chain: an assessment with stakeholders in the Netherlands. Game meat hygiene. 2017; ():153-174.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJolianne M. Rijks; Margriet G.E. Montizaan; Hans Dannenberg; Lenie A. Algra-Verkerk; Delphine H. Nourisson; Andrea Gröne; Martin Hennecken; P. Paulsen; A. Bauer; F.J.M. Smulders. 2017. "9. European Community food safety regulations taking effect in the hunted game food chain: an assessment with stakeholders in the Netherlands." Game meat hygiene , no. : 153-174.
We report a widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands. Viral presence had been detected through targeted surveillance as early as April 2016 and increased mortality in common blackbirds and captive great grey owls was noticed from August 2016 onwards. Usutu virus infection was confirmed by post-mortem examination and RT-PCR. Extensive Usutu virus activity in the Netherlands in 2016 underlines the need to monitor mosquito activity and mosquito-borne infections in 2017 and beyond.
Jolianne Rijks; Marja Kik; Roy Slaterus; Rpb Foppen; A. Stroo; Jooske Ijzer; J. Stahl; Andrea Gröne; Marion Koopmans; Henk van der Jeugd; Chantal Reusken. Widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands, 2016. Eurosurveillance 2016, 21, 1 .
AMA StyleJolianne Rijks, Marja Kik, Roy Slaterus, Rpb Foppen, A. Stroo, Jooske Ijzer, J. Stahl, Andrea Gröne, Marion Koopmans, Henk van der Jeugd, Chantal Reusken. Widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands, 2016. Eurosurveillance. 2016; 21 (45):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJolianne Rijks; Marja Kik; Roy Slaterus; Rpb Foppen; A. Stroo; Jooske Ijzer; J. Stahl; Andrea Gröne; Marion Koopmans; Henk van der Jeugd; Chantal Reusken. 2016. "Widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands, 2016." Eurosurveillance 21, no. 45: 1.
In the four years following the first detection of ranavirus (genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) infection in Dutch wildlife in 2010, amphibian mortality events were investigated nationwide to detect, characterize and map ranaviruses in amphibians over time, and to establish the affected host species and the clinico-pathological presentation of the disease in these hosts. The ultimate goal was to obtain more insight into ranavirus disease emergence and ecological risk. In total 155 dead amphibians from 52 sites were submitted between 2011 and 2014, and examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation and molecular genetic characterization. Ranavirus-associated amphibian mortality events occurred at 18 sites (35%), initially only in proximity of the 2010 index site. Specimens belonging to approximately half of the native amphibian species were infected, including the threatened Pelobates fuscus (spadefoot toad). Clustered massive outbreaks involving dead adult specimens and ranavirus genomic identity indicated that one common midwife toad virus (CMTV)-like ranavirus strain is emerging in provinces in the north of the Netherlands. Modelling based on the spatiotemporal pattern of spread showed a high probability that this emerging virus will continue to be detected at new sites (the discrete reproductive power of this outbreak is 0.35). Phylogenetically distinct CMTV-like ranaviruses were found in the south of the Netherlands more recently. In addition to showing that CMTV-like ranaviruses threaten wild amphibian populations not only in Spain but also in the Netherlands, the current spread and risk of establishment reiterate that understanding the underlying causes of CMTV-like ranavirus emergence requires international attention.
Jolianne M. Rijks; Bernardo Saucedo; Annemarieke Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs; Gavin S. Wilkie; Alphons J. A. M. Van Asten; Jan Van Den Broek; Roschong Boonyarittichaikij; Marisca Stege; Fleur Van Der Sterren; An Martel; Frank Pasmans; Joseph Hughes; Andrea Gröne; Steven J. Van Beurden; Marja J. L. Kik. Investigation of Amphibian Mortality Events in Wildlife Reveals an On-Going Ranavirus Epidemic in the North of the Netherlands. PLOS ONE 2016, 11, e0157473 .
AMA StyleJolianne M. Rijks, Bernardo Saucedo, Annemarieke Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs, Gavin S. Wilkie, Alphons J. A. M. Van Asten, Jan Van Den Broek, Roschong Boonyarittichaikij, Marisca Stege, Fleur Van Der Sterren, An Martel, Frank Pasmans, Joseph Hughes, Andrea Gröne, Steven J. Van Beurden, Marja J. L. Kik. Investigation of Amphibian Mortality Events in Wildlife Reveals an On-Going Ranavirus Epidemic in the North of the Netherlands. PLOS ONE. 2016; 11 (6):e0157473.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJolianne M. Rijks; Bernardo Saucedo; Annemarieke Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs; Gavin S. Wilkie; Alphons J. A. M. Van Asten; Jan Van Den Broek; Roschong Boonyarittichaikij; Marisca Stege; Fleur Van Der Sterren; An Martel; Frank Pasmans; Joseph Hughes; Andrea Gröne; Steven J. Van Beurden; Marja J. L. Kik. 2016. "Investigation of Amphibian Mortality Events in Wildlife Reveals an On-Going Ranavirus Epidemic in the North of the Netherlands." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6: e0157473.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and animals. Wild animals and ticks play key roles in the enzootic cycles of the pathogen. Potential ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum have been characterized genetically, but their host range, zoonotic potential and transmission dynamics has only incompletely been resolved. The presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA was determined in more than 6000 ixodid ticks collected from the vegetation and wildlife, in 289 tissue samples from wild and domestic animals, and 69 keds collected from deer, originating from various geographic locations in The Netherlands and Belgium. From the qPCR-positive lysates, a fragment of the groEL-gene was amplified and sequenced. Additional groEL sequences from ticks and animals from Europe were obtained from GenBank, and sequences from human cases were obtained through literature searches. Statistical analyses were performed to identify A. phagocytophilum ecotypes, to assess their host range and their zoonotic potential. The population dynamics of A. phagocytophilum ecotypes was investigated using population genetic analyses. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was present in all stages of questing and feeding Ixodes ricinus, feeding I. hexagonus, I. frontalis, I. trianguliceps, and deer keds, but was absent in questing I. arboricola and Dermacentor reticulatus. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was present in feeding ticks and tissues from many vertebrates, including roe deer, mouflon, red foxes, wild boar, sheep and hedgehogs but was rarely found in rodents and birds and was absent in badgers and lizards. Four geographically dispersed A. phagocytophilum ecotypes were identified, that had significantly different host ranges. All sequences from human cases belonged to only one of these ecotypes. Based on population genetic parameters, the potentially zoonotic ecotype showed significant expansion. Four ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum with differential enzootic cycles were identified. So far, all human cases clustered in only one of these ecotypes. The zoonotic ecotype has the broadest range of wildlife hosts. The expansion of the zoonotic A. phagocytophilum ecotype indicates a recent increase of the acarological risk of exposure of humans and animals.
Setareh Jahfari; E Claudia Coipan; Manoj Fonville; Arieke Docters Van Leeuwen; Paul Hengeveld; Dieter Heylen; Paul Heyman; Cees Van Maanen; Catherine M Butler; Gábor Földvári; Sándor Szekeres; Gilian Van Duijvendijk; Wesley Tack; Jolianne M Rijks; Joke Van Der Giessen; Willem Takken; Sipke E Van Wieren; Katsuhisa Takumi; Hein Sprong. Circulation of four Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in Europe. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7, 1 -11.
AMA StyleSetareh Jahfari, E Claudia Coipan, Manoj Fonville, Arieke Docters Van Leeuwen, Paul Hengeveld, Dieter Heylen, Paul Heyman, Cees Van Maanen, Catherine M Butler, Gábor Földvári, Sándor Szekeres, Gilian Van Duijvendijk, Wesley Tack, Jolianne M Rijks, Joke Van Der Giessen, Willem Takken, Sipke E Van Wieren, Katsuhisa Takumi, Hein Sprong. Circulation of four Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in Europe. Parasites & Vectors. 2014; 7 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSetareh Jahfari; E Claudia Coipan; Manoj Fonville; Arieke Docters Van Leeuwen; Paul Hengeveld; Dieter Heylen; Paul Heyman; Cees Van Maanen; Catherine M Butler; Gábor Földvári; Sándor Szekeres; Gilian Van Duijvendijk; Wesley Tack; Jolianne M Rijks; Joke Van Der Giessen; Willem Takken; Sipke E Van Wieren; Katsuhisa Takumi; Hein Sprong. 2014. "Circulation of four Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in Europe." Parasites & Vectors 7, no. 1: 1-11.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) due to H5N1 virus was first reported in Egypt in February 2006; since then, the government has allowed avian influenza vaccination in poultry. The present study evaluated the impact of AI vaccination in terms of cumulative annual flock immunity (CAFI): the percentage of bird × weeks protected by immunity. This evaluation took account of the combined effects of vaccination coverage, vaccine efficacy (VE), and different characteristics of household poultry production on the effectiveness of the adopted vaccination strategy (VS), and provided alternative options for improvement. The evaluation used a population and vaccination model that calculates the CAFI. Participatory approaches were employed in 21 villages to develop the vaccination and flock parameters required for the model. The adopted VS were compared in the model with three alternative VS scenarios in terms of the CAFI. Vaccination coverage varied among villages but was generally low (between 1 and 48 %; median 14 %). Under the adopted VS, the CAFI predicted for the villages ranged from 2 to 31 %. It was concluded that despite the enormous effort put into rural household poultry AI vaccination by the Egyptian government, village CAFI is unlikely to be maintained at the levels required to significantly reduce the virus load and restrict transmission. In HPAI-endemic countries that consider AI vaccination as one of the disease control options, the high cost of mass AI vaccination campaigns and their achievable benefits must be compared with other available control measures, which may include targeted vaccination. Achievable vaccination coverage, VE and the different characteristics of commercial and household (village) poultry production are key parameters determining the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of different AI vaccination strategies.
Ihab El Masry; Jolianne Rijks; Marisa Peyre; Nick Taylor; Juan Lubroth; Yilma Jobre. Modelling influenza A H5N1 vaccination strategy scenarios in the household poultry sector in Egypt. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2013, 46, 57 -63.
AMA StyleIhab El Masry, Jolianne Rijks, Marisa Peyre, Nick Taylor, Juan Lubroth, Yilma Jobre. Modelling influenza A H5N1 vaccination strategy scenarios in the household poultry sector in Egypt. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2013; 46 (1):57-63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIhab El Masry; Jolianne Rijks; Marisa Peyre; Nick Taylor; Juan Lubroth; Yilma Jobre. 2013. "Modelling influenza A H5N1 vaccination strategy scenarios in the household poultry sector in Egypt." Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, no. 1: 57-63.
Jolianne M. Rijks; Hendrik I.J. Roest; Peter W. Van Tulden; Marja J.L. Kik; Andrea Grone. Coxiella burnetiiInfection in Roe Deer during Q Fever Epidemic, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011, 17, 2369 -2371.
AMA StyleJolianne M. Rijks, Hendrik I.J. Roest, Peter W. Van Tulden, Marja J.L. Kik, Andrea Grone. Coxiella burnetiiInfection in Roe Deer during Q Fever Epidemic, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2011; 17 (12):2369-2371.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJolianne M. Rijks; Hendrik I.J. Roest; Peter W. Van Tulden; Marja J.L. Kik; Andrea Grone. 2011. "Coxiella burnetiiInfection in Roe Deer during Q Fever Epidemic, the Netherlands." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 12: 2369-2371.
In 2010, a mass die-off of over 1000 wild water frogs (Pelophylax spp.) and at least 10 common newts (Lissotriton vulgaris) occurred in a pond in The Netherlands. Haemorrhagic disease with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly was evident. Microscopically, multiple organs presented cells with multifocal intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, in which ranavirus-like particles were demonstrated ultrastructurally. All specimens examined tested positive for ranavirus by PCR. The sequence obtained showed a 100% identity with the one deposited for common midwife toad virus (CMTV). This is the first report of ranavirus-associated mortality in wild amphibian populations in The Netherlands. It is also the first time CMTV or a CMTV-like virus has been reported in these two species in the adult stage and outside of Spain.
Marja Kik; An Martel; Annemarieke Spitzen-Van der Sluijs; Frank Pasmans; Peter Wohlsein; Andrea Gröne; Jolianne M. Rijks. Ranavirus-associated mass mortality in wild amphibians, The Netherlands, 2010: A first report. The Veterinary Journal 2011, 190, 284 -286.
AMA StyleMarja Kik, An Martel, Annemarieke Spitzen-Van der Sluijs, Frank Pasmans, Peter Wohlsein, Andrea Gröne, Jolianne M. Rijks. Ranavirus-associated mass mortality in wild amphibians, The Netherlands, 2010: A first report. The Veterinary Journal. 2011; 190 (2):284-286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarja Kik; An Martel; Annemarieke Spitzen-Van der Sluijs; Frank Pasmans; Peter Wohlsein; Andrea Gröne; Jolianne M. Rijks. 2011. "Ranavirus-associated mass mortality in wild amphibians, The Netherlands, 2010: A first report." The Veterinary Journal 190, no. 2: 284-286.