Using a hierarchical structured equation model and a multi-dimensional 3-week household time-use and activity diary conducted in Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia, this study investigated the interaction among individuals’ non-instrumental variables, time space (such as their day-to-day time duration of activity participation, socio-demographics and built environment), and health factors on individuals’ day-to-day discretionary activities. The results show that individuals’ subjective characteristics and day-to-day time–space components significantly influence decision making processes to participate in certain activities, particularly grocery shopping. Integration between subjective factors and day-to-day time duration of activity participation also reveals how an individual categorises a particular behaviour as routine, planned or impulsive. For example, grocery shopping is a planned behaviour with real consequences (e.g. starving). Appearing as a strong commitment and intention enables individuals to allocate time to engage in this activity. Thus, given the individual’s time–space constraints, there may be a regular trade-off between frequency and duration. On the other hand, out-of-home social-recreational activity is a less urgent/impulsive activity and depends far more on an individual’s day-to-day time–space constraints than his/her subjective characteristics. If the situation on the given day is not feasible for him/her to undertake the out-of-home social recreational activity, he/she is more likely to re-schedule the activity. The study results also show that land use configuration and perceived accessibilities influence individuals’ discretionary activity participation.

Using the SITRAMP dataset, which was collected in the Jakarta metropolitan area, Indonesia, over four consecutive days, this study examines day-to-day variability of individuals' activity spaces. The impact of individual heterogeneity and variability of transport network conditions on day-to-day variability of activity spaces is also investigated. Results show that individuals' activity spaces vary from day to day and between different individuals. The activity space of other household members was found to be the most significant factor influencing an individual's activity space. Against the common belief in developing countries that better traffic conditions make individuals travel farther, results show that higher road-network travel speed and better road surface conditions within the home zones actually encourage individuals to visit a more compact set of activity locations and/or visit fewer activity locations. Smoother road surface conditions and higher travel speeds within home zones also bring the centroid of activity locations closer to individuals' home locations. Furthermore, day-to-day variability analysis of individual activity spaces showed that weekday activity spaces are more compact than those at weekends. Moreover, it was found that students' activity spaces show most variability, while those of nonworkers have the lowest variability.

Using a multi-dimensional three-week household time-use and activity diary, this study aims to investigate the interaction between time-use and activity travel participation, built environment, leisure-time physical activity, travel parameters, and physical intensity on physical and social health. The relationship between time-use and activity travel participation is complex. Therefore, physical activity (PA) intensity is assumed to intermediate the relationship between endogenuous and exogenous variables. This study use a comprehensive set of data that was collected at a household level for twenty-one (21) consecutive days. A total of 732 individuals and 191 households were recorded, representing 0.029% total population of Bandung Metropolitan Area (BMA). The data analyzed with descriptive and linear regression analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 26.0.0 software (IBM: Armonk, NY, USA). An advanced model, such as the hierarchical Structural Equation Model (SEM), is used to validate the relationship between activity patterns and health parameters. The estimated results indicate that a minute increase in public transport mode has an 8.8% positive correlation with physical health and 9.0% with social health. Furthermore, an increase in the one-minute duration of in-home maintenance and out-of-home leisure activities are positively correlated by 2.9% and 3.2%, respectively, with moderate-intensity PA and by 4.5% and 1.8% strenuous-intensity PA. Additionally, high accessibility and availability of basic amenities at a walkable distance and using auxiliary time in social activities are significantly correlated with better physical and social health. Moreover, this study adopted multidisciplinary approaches for better transport policy and a healthier society with a better quality of life.