Sexual minority youth, including emerging adults, are at risk for negative health outcomes. Minority stress theory posits that heterosexism can contribute to these outcomes among sexual minorities. Researchers have tested this theory with respect to interpersonal heterosexism; however, little attention has been given to macro-level and environmental forms of heterosexism, especially among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) youth. In this study, we examine the role of objective social climate (LGB state-level policies) and experiential distal and proximal environmental microaggressions on the psychological well-being of LGBQ emerging adults. Furthermore, we examine the role of LGBQ identity salience as a moderating factor on the macro/environmental-heterosexism and well-being relationship. Multivariable linear regression results suggest that living in a state without same-sex marriage laws is associated with greater self-esteem, whereas both distal and proximal environmental microaggressions are risk factors for anxiety and perceived stress. Furthermore, identity salience can ameliorate the effects of distal microaggressions and intensify the effects of proximal microaggressions and same-sex marriage legislation. Implications for practice with sexual minority youth are discussed.

Discrimination toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social work students can negatively affect academic performance and personal and professional identity development. Intersectionality is a conceptual approach that states that social identities interact to form different meanings and experiences from those that could be explained by a single identity. This study explored how the educational experiences of LGBTQ social work students in the United States and Canada influenced their professional and personal identities. Using an intersectional analysis, three major themes emerged: the need for social work programs to better promote LGBTQ identity and emerging social work professional identity integration, a lack of LGBTQ content in the curriculum, and unsupportive LGBTQ school climates. Implications for social work education are considered.

Gender and sexual minority (GSM) youth are at risk of mental and physical health problems due to experiences of stigmatization and marginalization. GSM youth in nonmetropolitan communities may be at increased risk, yet have less access to other GSM people and resources. Given GSM youth's risks, the lack of research in nonmetropolitan areas, and the need for interventions to meet the needs of GSM youth, this study aimed to establish an understanding of what nonmetropolitan GSM youth perceive as their needs for support within their small communities. Using grounded theory, qualitative interviews were conducted with 34 youth. Findings revealed 4 categories of needs: reduction in isolation, social acceptance and visibility, emotional support and safety, and GSM identity development.

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth experience risks due to their stigmatized SGM identities; however, supportive resources and people can mitigate these risks. In nonmetropolitan areas, SGM-affirming support may not be readily available. The internet and social media may be a way for SGM youth to access support and resources pertaining to their SGM identities, yet little research has been conducted in this area. This qualitative, exploratory study utilized in-depth interviews (N = 34) with nonmetropolitan SGM youth in one Midwestern state to better understand how they utilized the internet and social media related to their SGM identities. Grounded theory analysis revealed three categories of social media and internet usage among participants. Participants utilized the internet to establish a sense of community (access others, form relationships), express themselves (come out, vent), and access resources and information. These findings suggest important implications for practice and research.