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Saifullah Khan
Institute of Social Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab 60000, Pakistan

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Review
Published: 11 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Since prehistoric times, water conflicts have occurred as a result of a wide range of tensions and/or violence, which have rarely taken the form of traditional warfare waged over water resources alone. Instead, water has historically been a (re)source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. In some cases, water was used directly as a weapon through its ability to cause damage through deprivation or erosion or water resources of enemy populations and their armies. However, water conflicts, both past and present, arise for several reasons; including territorial disputes, fight for resources, and strategic advantage. The main reasons of water conflicts are usually delimitation of boundaries, waterlogging (e.g., dams and lakes), diversion of rivers flow, running water, food, and political distresses. In recent decades, the number of human casualties caused by water conflicts is more than that of natural disasters, indicating the importance of emerging trends on water wars in the world. This paper presents arguments, fights, discourses, and conflicts around water from ancient times to the present. This diachronic survey attempts to provide water governance alternatives for the current and future.

ACS Style

Andreas Angelakis; Mohammad Valipour; Abdelkader Ahmed; Vasileios Tzanakakis; Nikolaos Paranychianakis; Jens Krasilnikoff; Renato Drusiani; Larry Mays; Fatma El Gohary; Demetris Koutsoyiannis; Saifullah Khan; Luigi Giacco. Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4237 .

AMA Style

Andreas Angelakis, Mohammad Valipour, Abdelkader Ahmed, Vasileios Tzanakakis, Nikolaos Paranychianakis, Jens Krasilnikoff, Renato Drusiani, Larry Mays, Fatma El Gohary, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Saifullah Khan, Luigi Giacco. Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Angelakis; Mohammad Valipour; Abdelkader Ahmed; Vasileios Tzanakakis; Nikolaos Paranychianakis; Jens Krasilnikoff; Renato Drusiani; Larry Mays; Fatma El Gohary; Demetris Koutsoyiannis; Saifullah Khan; Luigi Giacco. 2021. "Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4237.

Review
Published: 22 December 2020 in J
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Water-driven music technology has been one of the primary sources of human leisure from prehistoric times up until the present. Water powered, along with air pressure organs, have been used throughout history. One of them was an organ of fountains located inside a formal garden. Throughout ancient mythology, several different gods have been linked to music in many civilizations, in particular, Minoa, Mehrgarh, and Gandhara. Water deities were usually significant amid civilizations located next to a sea or an ocean, or even a great river like the Indus River in Pakistan, the Nile River in the Middle East or the Ganga River in India. These fountains performed a wide range of songs from Classical to contemporary Arabic, and even included other worldly music. The study of water-driven music technology demonstrates the diachronic evolution and the revelation that ancient people had impressive knowledge of the engineering needed for water exploitation and manipulation. This revelation is still both fascinating and intriguing for today’s water engineers. This paper also shows the relationship between water in nature and music, and furthermore, how nature has inspired composers throughout history. This research shows the sustainability of different kinds of water-driven musical instruments, not only through their use in past centuries, but their relevance in music therapy and other purposes of today. This study is useful for researchers in the fields of history, music, engineering and sustainable development.

ACS Style

Mohammad Valipour; Rodney Briscoe; Luigi Falletti; Petri S. Juuti; Tapio S. Katko; Riikka P. Rajala; Rohitashw Kumar; Saifullah Khan; Maria Chnaraki; Andreas Angelakis. Water-Driven Music Technologies through Centuries. J 2020, 4, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Mohammad Valipour, Rodney Briscoe, Luigi Falletti, Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko, Riikka P. Rajala, Rohitashw Kumar, Saifullah Khan, Maria Chnaraki, Andreas Angelakis. Water-Driven Music Technologies through Centuries. J. 2020; 4 (1):1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Valipour; Rodney Briscoe; Luigi Falletti; Petri S. Juuti; Tapio S. Katko; Riikka P. Rajala; Rohitashw Kumar; Saifullah Khan; Maria Chnaraki; Andreas Angelakis. 2020. "Water-Driven Music Technologies through Centuries." J 4, no. 1: 1-21.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Sustainability
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: This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.

ACS Style

S. Khan; E. Dialynas; V. K. Kasaraneni; A. N. Angelakis. Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4897 .

AMA Style

S. Khan, E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, A. N. Angelakis. Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):4897.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Khan; E. Dialynas; V. K. Kasaraneni; A. N. Angelakis. 2020. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4897.

Book chapter
Published: 06 November 2019 in Climate Change and Agriculture
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This study aimed at the environment, agriculture, and land use pattern and in the arid region of Pakistan. Physiography and location of the study area with respect to coastal region are the key factors that control the climate. There are a number of factors that have their influence on the cropping pattern in the area apart from climate. They include the type of soils, availability of irrigation water, government policies, socioeconomic condition, advance technologies, market value, human demand, etc. The soil of irrigated plain in lower Punjab and Sind is more suitable for the agriculture than other parts, where the water is insufficient for cultivation.

ACS Style

Saifullah Khan; Mehmood Ul Hassan; Aslam Khan. Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern. Climate Change and Agriculture 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Saifullah Khan, Mehmood Ul Hassan, Aslam Khan. Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern. Climate Change and Agriculture. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saifullah Khan; Mehmood Ul Hassan; Aslam Khan. 2019. "Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern." Climate Change and Agriculture , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series
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Evapotranspiration is the main element of aridity and desertification and to balance the natural hydrological processes. Pakistan has a high degree of evapotranspiration, as it is in subtropical belt, with long sunshine duration and low cloudiness in summers. June is the warmest month, when the evapotranspiration exceeds 7mm (0.28inches), whereas, January is the coldest month, when evapotranspiration of the country falls to 1mm (0.04inches). The maximum evapotranspiration has been recorded at the southern latitudes of the country (Hyderabad and Jacobabad), while it decreases towards northwest (mountainous region) and Gilgit-Baltistan (Astore and Skardu). This variation in evapotranspiration is due to fluctuation in temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, wind speed, relative humidity, physical relief and latitudinal as well as altitudinal extend of the country. The average evapotranspiration of Pakistan is 4.5mm with an increase of 1.0mm during 1931-2015. In winter and summer season, the lower Indus basin, has recorded high evapotranspiration as compared to the northern mountainous region. The average evapotranspiration of Pakistan during winter season is 2.7mm, while in summer it is 6.3mm. This variation is due to the variation in the length of day and night, humidity, precipitation, surface pressure, wind speed, and topography of the land. During cold season the average evapotranspiration of the country is 13.7mm, pre-monsoon season 17.1mm, monsoon season 15.8mm and post monsoon season 8mm. Obviously, the highest evapotranspiration of Pakistan has recorded during pre-monsoon season with extreme temperature, scarce precipitation, long sunshine duration, lowest relative humidity, low pressure, and calm winds and chilly condition. Furthermore, during cold (0.1mm), pre-monsoon (3.5mm), and monsoon season (2.2mm) the evapotranspiration shows an increase, where as it reveals a negative deviation of -5.6mm in post monsoon season due to increase in the precipitation from reversible monsoon lows at the southern latitudes of the country. Generally, the evapotranspiration of Pakistan increases from northwest to southeast and a main agent of delimitation of the arid region of the country. The main factors that cause variation in the evapotranspiration of the country from south towards north are temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, relative humidity, surface pressure, wind speed, fogs, cloudiness, topography, latitudinal and altitudinal extend of the country that required further research.

ACS Style

Saifullah Khan; Mahmood Ul Hasan. Evapotranspiration Distribution and Variation of Pakistan (1931-2015). Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series 2017, 17, 184 -197.

AMA Style

Saifullah Khan, Mahmood Ul Hasan. Evapotranspiration Distribution and Variation of Pakistan (1931-2015). Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series. 2017; 17 (2):184-197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saifullah Khan; Mahmood Ul Hasan. 2017. "Evapotranspiration Distribution and Variation of Pakistan (1931-2015)." Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series 17, no. 2: 184-197.

Review
Published: 13 August 2016 in Sustainability
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Throughout history, various civilizations developed methodologies for the collection and disposal of human waste. The methodologies throughout the centuries have been characterized by technological peaks on the one hand, and by the disappearance of the technologies and their reappearance on the other. The purpose of this article is to trace the development of sewage collection and transport with an emphasis on toilets in ancient civilizations. Evolution of the major achievements in the scientific fields of sanitation with emphasis on the lavatory (or toilets) technologies through the centuries up to the present are presented. Valuable insights into ancient wastewater technologies and management with their apparent characteristics of durability, adaptability to the environment, and sustainability are provided. Gradual steps improved the engineering results until the establishment of the contemporary toilet system, which provides a combined solution for flushing, odor control, and the sanitation of sewerage. Even though the lack of proper toilet facilities for a great percentage of the present day global population is an embarrassing fact, the worldwide efforts through millennia for the acquisition of a well-engineered toilet were connected to the cultural level of each period.

ACS Style

Georgios P. Antoniou; Giovanni De Feo; Franz Fardin; Aldo Tamburrino; Saifullah Khan; Fang Tie; Ieva Reklaityte; Eleni Kanetaki; Xiao Yun Zheng; Larry W. Mays; Andreas N. Angelakis. Evolution of Toilets Worldwide through the Millennia. Sustainability 2016, 8, 779 .

AMA Style

Georgios P. Antoniou, Giovanni De Feo, Franz Fardin, Aldo Tamburrino, Saifullah Khan, Fang Tie, Ieva Reklaityte, Eleni Kanetaki, Xiao Yun Zheng, Larry W. Mays, Andreas N. Angelakis. Evolution of Toilets Worldwide through the Millennia. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (8):779.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgios P. Antoniou; Giovanni De Feo; Franz Fardin; Aldo Tamburrino; Saifullah Khan; Fang Tie; Ieva Reklaityte; Eleni Kanetaki; Xiao Yun Zheng; Larry W. Mays; Andreas N. Angelakis. 2016. "Evolution of Toilets Worldwide through the Millennia." Sustainability 8, no. 8: 779.

Conference paper
Published: 29 October 2012 in Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum
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The paper analyzes the people perception regarding climate change and adaptation in the arid region of Pakistan in terms of temperature and precipitation fluctuation, drought and desertification, food scarcity, impact on agriculture and surface water, as well as seasonal fluctuation. Due to decrease in precipitation of 0.6inches and increase in temperature of 1.6 0C (1960-2000), the flow of water sector in Pakistan shows a more vulnerable condition from 1937-2004 that will caused a drastic change in rabi as well as kharif cultivation and need adaptation on an urgent basis. The decline in flow of the water in Indus water system will be effected the agriculture growth and production in the irrigated areas of the arid region in lower Punjab and Sind Provinces. Therefore, a questionnaire survey has been conducted in the lower Punjab to know the public opinion about the on going climate change and its impact on social, economical, demographic, and agriculture sectors. The main purpose of the survey is to device a methodology in view of public opinion for the adaptation and mitigation of climate change in the arid region of Pakistan. The major questions are about temperature and precipitation fluctuation, deforestation, overgrazing, drought, desertification, change in the earth geography, wars, change in pressure pattern, population increase, construction of water reservoirs, water resources, current government policies etc.

ACS Style

Saif Ullah Khan; Mahmood Hasan; Muhammad Khan. People Perception about Climate Change and Adaptation in the Arid Region of Pakistan. Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Saif Ullah Khan, Mahmood Hasan, Muhammad Khan. People Perception about Climate Change and Adaptation in the Arid Region of Pakistan. Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saif Ullah Khan; Mahmood Hasan; Muhammad Khan. 2012. "People Perception about Climate Change and Adaptation in the Arid Region of Pakistan." Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.