In recent years, heterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as a new effective, powerful, clean, and safe decontamination technology for the treatment of organic pollutants and the transformation of hazardous chemicals into different forms. This review focuses on the recent development of various conventional technologies of reactors designated for the photodegradation of hazardous organic pollutants with their limitations. This phenomenon is strongly influenced by reaction conditions such as temperature of reaction, pH, light intensity and wavelength, pollutant concentration, photocatalyst quantity, relative humidity (RH), and other parameters. The catalyst photoactivity depends on the structural characteristics of the semiconductor, its morphology, and its particles size. This paper presents the progression of photocatalytic reactors for synthetic dyes degradation with special consideration to the use of supported photocatalyst and nanostructured titanium supported over volcanic ashes, owing to the major advantage of an easy separation of the catalyst when compared to homogenous system, namely suspended catalyst. In addition, special attention was paid to the literature dealing with the promotion of light efficiency by testing various light sources.

In the present study, we propose a new photocatalytic interface prepared by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and investigated for the degradation of Reactive Green 12 (RG12) as target contaminant under visible light light-emitting diodes (LEDs) illumination. The CuxO/TiO2 nanoparticulate photocatalyst was sequentially sputtered on polyester (PES). The photocatalyst formulation was optimized by investigating the effect of different parameters such as the sputtering time of CuxO, the applied current, and the deposition mode (direct current magnetron sputtering, DCMS or HiPIMS). The results showed that the fastest RG12 degradation was obtained on CuxO/TiO2 sample prepared at 40 A in HiPIMS mode. The better discoloration efficiency of 53.4% within 360 min was found in 4 mg/L of RG12 initial concentration and 0.05% Cuwt/PESwt as determined by X-ray fluorescence. All the prepared samples contained a TiO2 under-layer with 0.02% Tiwt/PESwt. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM), both layers were seen uniformly distributed on the PES fibers. The effect of the surface area to volume (dye volume) ratio (SA/V) on the photocatalytic efficiency was also investigated for the discoloration of 4 mg/L RG12. The effect of the presence of different chemicals (scavengers, oxidant or mineral pollution or salts) in the photocatalytic medium was studied. The optimization of the amount of added hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) was also investigated in detail. Both, H2O2 and K2S2O8 drastically affected the discoloration efficiency up to 7 and 6 times in reaction rate constants, respectively. Nevertheless, the presence of Cu (metallic nanoparticles) and NaCl salt inhibited the reaction rate of RG12 discoloration by about 4 and 2 times, respectively. Moreover, the systematic study of reactive oxygen species’ (ROS) contribution was also explored with the help of iso-propanol, methanol, and potassium dichromate as •OH radicals, holes (h+), and superoxide ion-scavengers, respectively. Scavenging results showed that O2− played a primary role in RG12 removal; however, •OH radicals’ and photo-generated holes’ (h+) contributions were minimal. The CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst was found to have a good reusability and stability up to 21 cycles. Ions’ release was quantified by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showing low Cu-ions’ release.