In the present study, SeNPs were synthesized using Melia azedarach leaf extracts and investigated for growth promotion in wheat under the biotic stress of spot blotch disease. The phytosynthesized SeNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of phytosynthesized SeNPs (i.e., 100 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL, 150 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL, 200 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL, 250 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL, and 300 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL) was evaluated using the well diffusion method, which reported that 300 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL showed maximum fungus growth inhibition. For in vivo study, different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) of SeNPs were applied exogenously to evaluate the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters under control conditions and determine when infection was induced. Among all treatments, 30 mg/L of SeNPs performed well and increased the plant height by 2.34% compared to the control and 30.7% more than fungus-inoculated wheat. Similarly, fresh plant weight and dry weight increased by 17.35% and 13.43% over the control and 20.34% and 52.48% over the fungus-treated wheat, respectively. In leaf surface area and root length, our findings were 50.11% and 10.37% higher than the control and 40% and 71% higher than diseased wheat, respectively. Plant physiological parameters i.e., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, were increased 14, 133, and 16.1 times over the control and 157, 253, and 42 times over the pathogen-inoculated wheat, respectively. Our findings regarding carotenoid content, relative water content, and the membrane stability index were 29-, 49-, and 81-fold higher than the control and 187-, 63-, and 48-fold higher than the negative control, respectively. In the case of plant biochemical parameters, proline, sugar, flavonoids, and phenolic contents were recorded at 6, 287, 11, and 34 times higher than the control and 32, 107, 33, and 4 times more than fungus-inoculated wheat, respectively. This study is considered the first biocompatible approach to evaluate the potential of green-synthesized SeNPs as growth-promoting substances in wheat under the spot blotch stress and effective management strategy to inhibit fungal growth.

Soil nutrition assessment is a critical factor in improving both the quantity and quality of agricultural yields. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology represents a groundbreaking advancement, allowing for real‐time measurements in smart farming. This article focuses on investigating and evaluating the current challenges in nutrient management within smart farming and explores the future potential of utilizing IoT for nutrient management. To gather data, bibliometric analysis and utilization of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart were conducted, searching on the Publish or Perish and Science direct search engines using the keywords “soil nutrient monitoring smart farming internet of things” without quotation marks. A total of 395 articles were initially identified, 20 of which were included in the analysis after verification with Covidence assessment tools. Our review of existing studies revealed that many nutritional management approaches are still in prototype and experimental design, without the use of experimental design agriculture standards, without validation through plant testing, and mainly focus on monitoring systems. This highlights the need for additional research into large‐scale studies, considering data security and the application of this technology in agricultural experimental design across a wide range of agricultural practices. Furthermore, future research on NPK IoT‐based sensors is expected to provide numerous benefits and accessibility to all farmers, ensuring agricultural profitability.

Ultisols has problems of low availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus. To improve soil phosphate and P fertilizer efficiency, it is necessary to develop biofertilizer such as phosphate solubilizing microbes. Phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSM) have the capability of dissolving soil phosphorus which have been adsorbed and can mineralize organic P to become inorganic P, hence increasing the avalibility of P in the soil. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas mallei and Pseudomonas cepacea) and phosphate solubilizing fungi (Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp) were selected based on their ability to dissolve P. The experiment was conducted at Jatinangor, West Java Indonesia to study the application of PSM biofertilizer to increase soil P and yield of maize. Experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) in factorial pattern, consisting of two factors with three replications. The first factor consisted of PSM biofertilizer, which were; without PSM, 5 L ha-1 of PSM and 50 kg ha-1 of PSM. The second factor was P fertilizer with five levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% dosage of recommendation). The results showed that the application of PSM biofertilizer increased soil phosphate and yield of maize on Ultisol Jatinangor. The dosage of P inorganic fertilizers was reduced by 50%.Keywords: ultisol, maize, biofertillizer, phospate-solubilizing bacteria.

Dry land in Indonesia is dominated by marginal soil which have low macro nutrient content, low organic matter content and low soil microbial activity. Improving soil quality it is necessary to increase nutrients availability such as biofertilizers application. Biofertilizers contains beneficial microbial inoculants to increase soil nutrient availability. The use of biofertilizers combined with NPK fertilizer will increase macro nutrients availability and optimize plant growth, thus will increase fertilizers efficiency. This experiment was carried out to study the impact of biofertilizers on available-P, plant P-uptake and yield of upland rice at Land Research of Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran. This experiment used a randomized block design consisting of ten treatments and three replications The treatments consisted with two doses of biofertilizers (50 kg ha-1 and 75 kg ha-1) and three doses of N,P,K fertilizers (100%, 75%, and 50% from recommended doses). Biofertilizers contains N-fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing microbes. The result of experiment showed that application of biofertilizers 75 kg ha-1 and biofertilizers 50 kg ha-1 + N, P, K 50% increased soil phosphorus availability. The application of biofertilizers increased P-uptake up to 81%. Futhermore, biofertilizers 75 kg ha-1 + N, P, K 75% increased the yield of upland rice by 164%.

Phosphorus availability is the major constraint for plant growth in the acid soil ecosystem, due to high fixation by Al and Fe. Microbial fertilizers such as phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can increase P availability in soils for root uptake. The objective of the research was to verify the ability of four isolates of PSB isolated from acid soil to solubilize unavailable inorganic phosphate, produce phosphatase, malic acid and indole acetic acid (IAA), as well as increase plant height of maize seedling. The bioassay by growing maize seedling in liquid nutrients has been performed to study the response of seedling to PSB inoculation. The experimental design of bioassay was a randomized block design with five replications. The results showed that the isolates RR 1 and SPR 4 had a relatively high solubilizing index. Moreover, all the PSB isolates had the ability to produce phosphatase and IAA and dissolve P. The performance of PSB-inoculated seedling was better visually and the root length was increased by 66.7–74.5% compared to the control. This result concludes that the species of four isolates needs to be identified by a biomolecular method and formulated as biofertilizers for increasing the maize productivity in the acid soil ecosystem.