Due to the the lack of information about parameters in the datasheets of photovoltaic (PV) panels, it is difficult to study their modeling because PV behavior is based on voltage–current (V-I) data, which present a highly nonlinear relationship. To solve this difficulty, this study presents a mathematical three-diode model of a PV panel that includes multiple unknown parameters: photoinduced current, saturation currents of the three diodes, three ideality factors, serial resistance, and parallel resistance. These parameters should be estimated in the three-diode model of a PV panel to obtain the actual values that represent the voltage–current profile or the voltage–power profile (because of its visual simplicity) of the PV panel under analysis. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new application of the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) to estimate the parameters of a three-diode model of a PV panel. Two test scenarios were implemented with two different PV panels, i.e., Kyocera $KC200GT$ and Solarex $MSX60$, which generate different power levels and are widely used for commercial purposes. The results of the simulations were obtained using different irradiance levels. The proposed PV model was evaluated based on the experimental results of the PV modules analyzed in this paper. The efficiency of the optimization technique proposed here, i.e., SSA, was measured by a fair comparison between its numerical results and those of other optimization techniques tuned to obtain the best response in terms of the objective function.

This paper presents the method we followed to design a microgrid at a university campus based on available resources. Due to introduction of renewable resources to produce energy, a methodology that allows design a microgrid in a university campus is very useful. Hence, we present a series of steps that must be carried out to estimate the resource to be used, the installation, area needed, and the capacity of the systems needed are also described. In addition, the models of the distributed resources that constitutes the microgrid are presented and explained. To validate the proposed methodology, simulations were performed using Opal-RT-LAb. As a test scenario we selected the Mayagüez campus of the University of Puerto Rico where we conducted analysis of the available resource and capacity of the systems is needed to satisfy demand of critical loads, considering a predetermined number of days of austerity. Our study results in determination of dimensions, cost and effectiveness of the microgrid. Simulations results also show that the proposed microgrid satisfy demand with the same reliability, or better, than the traditional electrical network. Additionally, the best options for this purpose are photovoltaic, batteries, and combined heat and power, if the technological advances and availability of resources to the date for Puerto Rico are considered.

In this paper, we present a new optimization method to estimate the parameters and torques of an induction motor (IM). The proposed method is known as the Vortex Search Algorithm (VSA), whose performance is based on the behavior of the vortices created by stirred fluids. This algorithm was compared with other four optimization methods reported in the specialized literature (grasshopper optimization algorithm, particle swarm optimization, salp swarm algorithm and sine cosine algorithm), and its solution quality, precision, and robustness were validated using two test motors. During the tests, we analyzed the minimum error between the estimated values and the values provided by the manufacturer, as well as the global error of each method and their required processing time. The results show that the VSA is an excellent alternative to estimate the parameters of an IM, as it exhibited the best performance when compared to the other optimization methods.

Electric power generation is quickly transitioning toward nontraditional inverter-based resources (IBRs). Prevalent devices today are solar PV, wind generators, and battery energy storage systems (BESS) based on electrochemical packs. These IBRs are interconnected throughout the power system via power electronics inverter bridges, which have sophisticated controls. This paper studies the impacts and benefits resulting from the integration of grid forming (GFM) inverters and energy storage on the stability of power systems via replicating real events of loss of generation units that resulted in large load shedding events. First, the authors tuned the power system dynamic model in Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) to replicate the event records and, upon integrating the IBRs, analyzed the system dynamic responses of the BESS. This was conducted for both GFM and grid following (GFL) modes. Additionally, models for Grid Forming Static Synchronous Compensator (GFM STATCOM), were also created and simulated to allow for quantifying the benefits of this technology and a techno-economic analysis compared with GFM BESSs. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the need for industry standardization in the application of GFM inverters to unleash their benefits to the bulk electric grid. The results also demonstrate that the GFM STATCOM is a very capable system that can augment the bulk system inertia, effectively reducing the occurrence of load shedding events.

This document lists some challenges that researchers face when implementing transactive energy in weak power grids. These challenges often include high voltage fluctuations, limited generation, high line loadability, and unbalanced grids. The operation of transactive energy, as well as optimization techniques, are also considered, highlighting the performance and functionalities depending on power grid characteristics and market topology. Some of the most used optimization techniques for market clearing, considering the characteristics and topology, are presented as part of the research work.In addition, this paper compares different market topologies and highlights their advantages and challenges. Furthermore, this paper contains a brief description of the interoperability frameworks applied to a smart grid.As a result, it was determined that interoperability is necessary for the proper functioning of the grid. Moreover, all methods were found to be effective for their purpose from the user’s point of view as each technique has different characteristics relevant to the user and the grid. It was concluded that it is convenient to combine the optimization techniques to consider different constraints in the market clearing.