Optimization problems are ubiquitous nowadays. Many times, their corresponding computational models necessarily leave out of consideration several characteristics and features of the real world, so trying to obtain the optimum solution can not be enough for a problem solving point of view. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the role of metaheuristics as solutions’ generators in a basic problem solving framework. Metaheuristics become relevant in two modes: firstly because every run (in the case of population based techniques) allows to obtain a set of potentially good solutions, and secondly, if a reference solution is available, one can set up a new optimization problem that allows to obtain solutions with similar quality in the objectives space but maximally different structure in the design space. Once a set of solutions is obtained, an example of an a posteriori analysis to rank them according with decision maker’s preferences is shown. All the problem solving framework steps, emphasizing the role of metaheuristics are illustrated with a dynamic version of the tourist trip design problem (for the first mode), and with a perishable food distribution problem (for the second one). These examples clearly show the benefits of the problem solving framework proposed. The potential role of the symmetry concept is also explored.

Automated Decision-Making Systems (ADS) have become pervasive across various fields, activities, and occupations, to enhance performance. However, this widespread adoption introduces potential risks, including the misuse of ADS. Such misuse may manifest when ADS is employed in situations where it is unnecessary or when essential requirements, conditions, and terms are overlooked, leading to unintended consequences. This research paper presents a thorough examination of the implications, distinctions, and ethical considerations associated with digitalization, digital transformation, and the utilization of ADS in contemporary society and future contexts. Emphasis is placed on the imperative need for regulation, transparency, and ethical conduct in the deployment of ADS.