Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in river water reflect both local geological background and the intensity of anthropogenic activities. The increasing demand for high-tech applications is accompanied by an increase in REEs in water environments, especially in urban regions. Therefore, the dissolved REEs in a typical urban river (Yongding River) were analyzed to reveal the influence of anthropogenic inputs. It was found that the sum of dissolved REE (ΣREE) concentrations in river water were 6.27~86.26 ng L⁻¹ (mean 31.05 ng L⁻¹). The spatial distribution of REEs is significantly affected by both natural processes and human activities. To eliminate the effect of upstream land use on downstream measurements, this study established a 500 m buffer zone alongside the river and identified the anthropogenic origin of REEs through correlations among land use proportions within the buffer zone, the population density, and REEs. The Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized REEs revealed pronouncedly positive Gd anomalies in the range 0.30~20.16 in all river samples. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the proportion of cultivated land was positively correlated with most of the REEs. A three-dimensional tracer system was established via Gd_anth, NO₃⁻/Na⁺ and Cl⁻/Na⁺ to characterize the impact of sewage treatment plants, hospitals and agricultural activities on river water. The results indicate that with the acceleration of urbanization, abnormal REEs can be considered as a sensitive indicator to assess the influence of anthropogenic activities on water ecosystems.

Dissolved heavy metals (HMs), derived from natural and anthropogenic sources, are an important part of aquatic environment research and gain more international concern due to their acute toxicity. In this study, the geochemistry of dissolved HMs was analyzed in the upper Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) of the Yangtze River (YZR) watershed to explore their distribution, status, and sources and further evaluate the water quality and HM-related risks. In total, 57 water samples were collected from the main channel and tributaries of the upper TGR. The concentrations of eight HMs, namely V, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, and Pb, were measured by ICP-MS. The mean concentrations (in μg/L) of eight HMs decreased in the order: As (1.46), V (1.44), Ni (1.40), Mo (0.94), Cu (0.86), Zn (0.63), Pb (0.03), and Cd (0.01). The concentrations of most HMs were 1.4~8.1 times higher than that in the source area of the YZR, indicating a potential anthropogenic intervention in the upper TGR. Spatially, the concentrations of V, Cu, As, and Pb along the main channel gradually decreased, while the others were relatively stable (except for Cd). The different degrees of variations in HM concentrations were also found in tributaries. According to the correlation analysis and principal component (PC) analysis, three PCs were identified and explained 75.1% of the total variances. combined with the concentrations of each metal, PC1 with high loadings of V, Ni, As, and Mo was considered as the main contribution of human inputs, PC2 (Cu and Pb) was primarily attributed to the contribution of mixed sources of human emissions and natural processes, and Zn and Cd in PC3 were controlled by natural sources. Water quality assessment suggested the good water quality (meeting the requirements for drinking purposes) with WQI values of 14.1 ± 3.4 and 11.6 ± 3.6 in the main channel and tributaries, respectively. Exposure risk assessment denoted that the health effects of selected HMs on the human body were limited (hazard index, HI < 1), but the potential risks of V and As with HI > 0.1 were non-negligible, especially for children. These findings provide scientific support for the environmental management of the upper TGR region and the metal cycle in aquatic systems.

The aim of the study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of hydroxysaff yellow A (HSYA) on diabetic retinopathy (DR). For this, a total of 27 rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, and HSYA groups. The body weight, blood glucose, and blood–retinal barrier damage of the rats were observed and compared. The pathological change of retinal tissue were measured using H&E staining. The apoptosis of retinal tissue ganglion cells was detected by TUNEL. The interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis fator (TNF)-α levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected using thiobarbituric acid method. Superoxide dismutase levels were detected using xanthine oxidase method; Nrf2 and total HO-1 protein expressions were detected using western blot assay; Bcl-2 and P53 protein expression was measured using immunohistochemical staining. The body weight and retinal damage of the HYSA group were significantly improved (p< 0.01, respectively). The apoptosis index of the HYSA group was lower than the model group (p< 0.001). The IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA levels of the HYSA group were significantly improved in comparison with those of the model group (p< 0.01, respectively). The Nrf-2, HO-1, Bcl-2, and P53 protein expression of HYSA group was significantly improved (p< 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, HYSA can effectively alleviate the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in type 2 diabetic rats and improve the progression of DR.

As the largest and most representative tributary of the Mekong River, the Mun River Basin (MRB) provides critical understanding of regional hydro-geochemical features and rock weathering processes on a basin scale. The present study measured strontium (Sr) isotopes with hydro-geochemistry data of 56 water samples in detail in the MRB in northeast Thailand. The dissolved Sr contents and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratios were reported to be 8.7–344.6 μg/L (average 126.9 μg/L) and 0.7085–0.7281 (average 0.7156), respectively. The concentrations of dissolved Sr in the mainstream slightly decreased from upstream to downstream, while the variation trend of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr was on the contrary. Correlation analysis showed that Na⁺ strongly correlated with Cl⁻ (0.995, p < 0.01), while Ca²⁺ exhibited weak relationships with SO₄²⁻ (0.356, p < 0.01). Samples of the MRB exhibited lower Mg²⁺/Na⁺, Ca²⁺/Na⁺, HCO₃⁻/Na⁺ and 1000Sr/Na ratios, and gathered around the end-member of evaporite dissolution, with slight shift to silicate weathering end-member, demonstrating the dominant contribution of evaporite dissolution and silicate weathering on dissolved loads. Comparing with data of major world rivers from previous research, our results remained consistency with rivers draining through similar geological conditions. The dissolved Sr flux to the adjacent Mekong River was estimated to be 20.7 tons/year. In accordance with the forward model, silicate weathering rate and CO₂ consumption rate during dry season were calculated to be 0.73 tons/km²/year and 1.94 × 10⁴ mol/km²/year, and may get underestimated due to intense water consumption by extensive agricultural activities. The superimposed effect of anthropogenic impacts on the water environment could enhance chemical weathering, and thus should be taken into account in regional ion cycles and carbon budgets. These findings highlight the coupling analysis of Sr isotopes and hydro-geochemistry in Earth surface processes and provide basic investigation for sustainable regional water treatment mechanisms in the pan basin of the Mekong River.

In coastal rivers with various human and damming activities (reservoir), the cycle and biogeochemistry of environmental pollutants in river systems has been modified. A total of 42 suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples were obtained in Jiulongjiang River, southeast China to investigate the concentration, sources, behavior, and risks of nine potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in SPM. The results of metals concentration showed relatively large variation, major for Mn and minor for Co; Mn > Zn > V > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd > Co. Multi-index evaluation reflected that most of the PTEs are minor enrichment/moderately polluted. The Cd is defined as extremely severe enrichment/polluted level, and the Pb and Zn as minor enrichment/moderately polluted levels. Among the selected PTEs, Cd and Zn are identified as the main toxic factors of SPM with a contribution of 57 ± 18% and 14 ± 7% to the total toxic risk. The sources identification suggested that human inputs may be the primary potential source of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Co, whereas natural sources (e.g., rock weathering) are likely to be responsible for Cu, Cr, V, and Ni. In contrast, the data suggested that Mn may be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic inputs. The PTEs among dissolved, suspended, and sediment phases reflected the transportation behavior and different potential risk levels. Overall, the PTE geochemistry of river SPM can act as a good indicator of the driving mechanism of PTEs’ accumulation and provide a powerful support for controlling riverine PTEs-related pollution in coastal regions.