New evidence for ABA-induced stomatal closure in fern and known evidence in earlier diverging lineages does not support the hypothesis that stomatal responsiven

Climate changes disrupt environmental and soil conditions that affect ionic balance in plants, presenting significant challenges to their survival and productivity. Membrane transporters are crucial for maintaining ionic homeostasis and regulating the movement of substances across plasma and organellar membranes, particularly under abiotic stresses. Among these abiotic stress-responsive mechanisms, stomata are critical for regulating water loss and carbon dioxide uptake, reflecting a plant's ability to respond and adapt to abiotic stresses effectively. This review highlights the role of ion transporters, including both anion and cation transporters in plant abiotic stress responses. It explores the interplay between different ion channels and regulatory components that enable plants to withstand key abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heat. Moreover, we emphasized the contributions of three essential types of ion channels - potassium, anion, and calcium to abiotic stress-related stomatal regulation. These ion channels orchestrate complex signaling networks that allow plants to modulate stomatal behavior and maintain physiological balance under adverse conditions. This article provides valuable molecular and physiological insights into the mechanisms of ion transport and regulation for plants to adapt to environmental challenges. Thus, this review offers a useful foundation for developing innovative strategies to enhance crop resilience and performance in an era of increasingly unpredictable and harsh climates.

The aim of the study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of hydroxysaff yellow A (HSYA) on diabetic retinopathy (DR). For this, a total of 27 rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, and HSYA groups. The body weight, blood glucose, and blood–retinal barrier damage of the rats were observed and compared. The pathological change of retinal tissue were measured using H&E staining. The apoptosis of retinal tissue ganglion cells was detected by TUNEL. The interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis fator (TNF)-α levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected using thiobarbituric acid method. Superoxide dismutase levels were detected using xanthine oxidase method; Nrf2 and total HO-1 protein expressions were detected using western blot assay; Bcl-2 and P53 protein expression was measured using immunohistochemical staining. The body weight and retinal damage of the HYSA group were significantly improved (p< 0.01, respectively). The apoptosis index of the HYSA group was lower than the model group (p< 0.001). The IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA levels of the HYSA group were significantly improved in comparison with those of the model group (p< 0.01, respectively). The Nrf-2, HO-1, Bcl-2, and P53 protein expression of HYSA group was significantly improved (p< 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, HYSA can effectively alleviate the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in type 2 diabetic rats and improve the progression of DR.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), as a simple and versatile method, achieves successful transformation in the yeast-like cells (YLCs) of Tremella fuciformis with lower efficiency. Establishment of a more efficient transformation system of YLCs is important for functional genomics research and biotechnological application. In this study, an enzymolysis-assisted ATMT method was developed. The degradation degree of YLCs depends on the concentration and digestion time of Lywallzyme. Lower concentration (≤0.1%) of Lywallzyme was capable of formation of limited wounds on the surface of YLCs and has less influence on their growth. In addition, there is no significant difference of YLCs growth among groups treated with 0.1% Lywallzyme for different time. The binary vector pGEH under the control of T. fuciformis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) promoter was utilized to transform the enzymolytic wounded YLCs with different concentrations and digestion time. The results of PCR, Southern blot, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the T-DNA was integrated into the YLCs genome, suggesting an efficient enzymolysis-assisted ATMT method of YLCs was established. The highest transformation frequency reached 1200 transformants per 10⁶ YLCs by 0.05% (w/v) Lywallzyme digestion for 15 min, and the transformants were genetically stable. Compared with the mechanical wounding methods, enzymolytic wounding is thought to be a tender, safer and more effective method.