Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families are Eriomycetaceae (Dothideomycetes, family incertae sedis ) and Fasciatisporaceae ( Xylariales , Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera comprise Bhagirathimyces ( Phaeosphaeriaceae ), Camporesiomyces ( Tubeufiaceae ), Eriocamporesia ( Cryphonectriaceae ), Eriomyces ( Eriomycetaceae ), Neomonodictys ( Pleurotheciaceae ), Paraloratospora ( Phaeosphaeriaceae ), Paramonodictys ( Parabambusicolaceae ), Pseudoconlarium (Diaporthomycetidae, genus incertae sedis ), Pseudomurilentithecium ( Lentitheciaceae ), Setoapiospora ( Muyocopronaceae ), Srinivasanomyces ( Vibrisseaceae ) and Xenoanthostomella ( Xylariales , genera incertae sedis ). The 82 new species comprise Acremonium chiangraiense , Adustochaete nivea , Angustimassarina camporesii , Bhagirathimyces himalayensis , Brunneoclavispora camporesii , Camarosporidiella camporesii , Camporesiomyces mali , Camposporium appendiculatum , Camposporium multiseptatum , Camposporium septatum , Canalisporium aquaticium , Clonostachys eriocamporesiana , Clonostachys eriocamporesii , Colletotrichum hederiicola , Coniochaeta vineae , Conioscypha verrucosa , Cortinarius ainsworthii , Cortinarius aurae , Cortinarius britannicus , Cortinarius heatherae , Cortinarius scoticus , Cortinarius subsaniosus , Cytospora fusispora , Cytospora rosigena , Diaporthe camporesii , Diaporthe nigra , Diatrypella yunnanensis , Dictyosporium muriformis , Didymella camporesii , Diutina bernali , Diutina sipiczkii , Eriocamporesia aurantia , Eriomyces heveae , Ernakulamia tanakae , Falciformispora uttaraditensis , Fasciatispora cocoes , Foliophoma camporesii , Fuscostagonospora camporesii , Helvella subtinta , Kalmusia erioi , Keissleriella camporesiana , Keissleriella camporesii , Lanspora cylindrospora , Loratospora arezzoensis , Mariannaea atlantica , Melanographium phoenicis , Montagnula camporesii , Neodidymelliopsis camporesii , Neokalmusia kunmingensis , Neoleptosporella camporesiana , Neomonodictys muriformis , Neomyrmecridium guizhouense , Neosetophoma camporesii , Paraloratospora camporesii , Paramonodictys solitarius , Periconia palmicola , Plenodomus triseptatus , Pseudocamarosporium camporesii , Pseudocercospora maetaengensis , Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense , Pseudoconlarium punctiforme , Pseudodactylaria camporesiana , Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii , Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis , Pseudotruncatella camporesii , Rhexocercosporidium senecionis , Rhytidhysteron camporesii , Rhytidhysteron erioi , Septoriella camporesii , Setoapiospora thailandica , Srinivasanomyces kangrensis , Tetraploa dwibahubeeja , Tetraploa pseudoaristata , Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja , Torula camporesii , Tremateia camporesii , Tremateia lamiacearum , Uzbekistanica pruni , Verruconis mangrovei , Wilcoxina verruculosa , Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae and Xenodidymella camporesii . The five new combinations are Camporesiomyces patagoniensis , Camporesiomyces vaccinia , Camposporium lycopodiellae , Paraloratospora gahniae and Rhexocercosporidium microsporum . The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise Arthrinium marii , Ascochyta medicaginicola , Ascochyta pisi , Astrocystis bambusicola , Camposporium pellucidum , Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis , Diaporthe foeniculina , Didymella macrostoma , Diplodia mutila , Diplodia seriata , Heterosphaeria patella , Hysterobrevium constrictum , Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi , Neovaginatispora fuckelii , Nothophoma quercina , Occultibambusa bambusae , Phaeosphaeria chinensis , Pseudopestalotiopsis theae , Pyxine berteriana , Tetraploa sasicola , Torula gaodangensis and Wojnowiciella dactylidis . In addition, the sexual morphs of Dissoconium eucalypti and Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum are reported from Laurus nobilis and Yucca gloriosa in Italy, respectively. The holomorph of Diaporthe cynaroidis is also reported for the first time.

Fungi are an important and diverse component in various ecosystems. The methods to identify different fungi are an important step in any mycological study. Classical methods of fungal identification, which rely mainly on morphological characteristics and modern use of DNA based molecular techniques, have proven to be very helpful to explore their taxonomic identity. In the present compilation, we provide detailed information on estimates of fungi provided by different mycologistsover time. Along with this, a comprehensive analysis of the importance of classical and molecular methods is also presented. In orderto understand the utility of genus and species specific markers in fungal identification, a polyphasic approach to investigate various fungi is also presented in this paper. An account of the study of various fungi based on culture-based and cultureindependent methods is also provided here to understand the development and significance of both approaches. The available information on classical and modern methods compiled in this study revealed that the DNA based molecular studies are still scant, and more studies are required to achieve the accurate estimation of fungi present on earth.

Puccinia, which comprises 4000 species, is the largest genus of rust fungi and one of the destructive plant pathogenic rust genera that are reported to infect both agricultural and nonagricultural plants with severe illnesses. The presence of bi-celled teliospores is one of the major features of these rust fungi that differentiated them from Uromyces, which is another largest genus of rust fungi. In the present study, an overview of the current knowledge on the general taxonomy and ecology of the rust genus Puccinia is presented. The status of the molecular identification of this genus along with updated species numbers and their current statuses in the 21st century are also presented, in addition to their threats to both agricultural and nonagricultural plants. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU DNA sequence data available in GenBank and the published literature was performed to examine the intergeneric relationships of Puccinia. The obtained results revealed the worldwide distribution of Puccinia. Compared with other nations, a reasonable increase in research publications over the current century was demonstrated in Asian countries. The plant families Asteraceae and Poaceae were observed as the most infected in the 21st century. The phylogenetic studies of the LSU and ITS sequence data revealed the polyphyletic nature of Puccinia. In addition, the presences of too short, too lengthy, and incomplete sequences in the NCBI database demonstrate the need for extensive DNA-based analyses for a better understanding of the taxonomic placement of Puccinia.

Uromyces is the second-largest plant pathogenic rust genus, is responsible for numerous diseases, and has major effects on both agricultural and non-agricultural plants. The genus is generally characterized by its unicellular teliospores that help to characterize it and distinguish it from another important rust genus, Puccinia. In this study, a global overview of the diversity and distribution of Uromyces is presented based on both online and offline resources. The information obtained was analyzed for numerical and graphical summaries to provide the diversity and distribution of the genus by country and continent. Besides this, broad taxonomical aspects, a brief life cycle, and other comparative aspects on diversity and distribution were also provided. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS and nLSU DNA sequence data available in GenBank and published literature was performed to examine the intergeneric relationships of Uromyces. The results obtained revealed that the rust genus is found distributed over 150 countries, territories, and occupancies of the world on around 647 plant genera belonging to 95 plant families. Phylogenetic studies based on LSU and ITS sequence data revealed that Uromyces species are polyphyletic and require more DNA-based analyses for a better understanding of their taxonomic placement.