There is huge evidence for a relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. One of the causes of environmental degradation is CO₂ emission which is added to the atmosphere through human activities and excessive industrialization. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between CO₂ emissions and measures of wealth in countries of Central and Eastern Europe between 2000 and 2019. The paper extends the research on economic affluence by taking into consideration two measures of economic growth, in addition to GDP, the HDI index is included. The basis for the investigation is the EKC concept. All analyses are based on econometric models with GDP and the HDI index as independent variables. The results are not conclusive and there is no one model which best describes the relationship between CO₂ emissions and economic growth. Verification of the models indicates the better fit of models with the HDI index as the measure of affluence. Moreover, the study confirms that the key factors affecting CO₂ emissions are energy consumption per capita which leads to an increase in CO₂ emissions, and renewable energy consumption which reduces CO₂ emissions. Therefore, technological changes and an increase in human awareness of global sustainability are required.

Recent researches on behavioral finance have tested for, among others, evidence for the relations between weather, investors’ mood, and investment decisions. Many of the researches related to the influence of some weather factors, such as sunshine duration on stock exchange returns, but there is no complex research taking into account a wide group of weather factors determining investors’ mood. The main goal of the article is to verify the influence of weather factors on basic market parameters of energy sector companies quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Rates of return, trading volumes, and values of trading volume are taken into account during the research. All analyses are based on econometric models assuming the existence of typical problems of estimation such as: autocorrelation of residuals, heteroskedasticity, or abnormality of residuals. The best approximation of models was obtained for GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) type models.

Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes original research papers and case studies

Purpose | The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of economic and non-economic factors on financial inclusion in Asian countries. The factors were covered at macro level (GDP per capita, population density, and unemployment rate), at micro level (Domestic Credit provided by sector as a percent of GDP), and at meso level (the mobile phone penetration). Research method | The fixed effect model (FEM) and the random effects model (REM) were used to quantify the effect of independent variables on financial inclusion. FEM was chosen in this article based on the Hausman test results. Results | The article has given conclusions as follows: (i) GDP growth, domestic credit, and mobile phone penetration have a significant positive effect on financial inclusion; (ii) there is a negative effect of population density, contrary to most studies; (iii) as in other studies, the unemployment rate has the negative impact on financial inclusion. Originality / value / implications / recommendations | The study has included different types of independent variables. In addition to the unemployment rate, population density, domestic credit and GDP growth rate, the impact of mobile phone penetration on financial inclusion was examined. The evolution of mobile telecommunications has become a central point of public policy debate due to the key role it plays in improving living standards, financial inclusion and economic growth.

Jednym z instrumentów pobudzających do osiągnięć zarówno indywidualnych, jak i odnoszących się do całego przedsiębiorstwa (np. w postaci wzrostu wartości rynkowej) są opcje menedżerskie. Artykuł ma na celu usystematyzowanie ich miejsca wśród różnych modeli motywacyjnych, przedstawienie ich istoty oraz cech charakterystycznych w porównaniu do opcji klasycznych, w tym szczególne ujęcie ich w rachunkowości. (fragment tekstu)