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The present work evaluates the application of regenerative braking for energy recovery in diesel-electric freight trains to increase efficiency and to improve decarbonization. The energy from regenerative braking has to be stored onboard when the track is not electrified. Different technologies of energy recovery are presented and discussed. The energy balance of an existing route is presented and simulated for different battery sizes. The analysis is illustrated with experimental data from an important Brazilian railway. Results show that the energy recovery from regenerative brake is a feasible investment and may be recommended to increase the efficiency in transportation and also to improve the low carbon mobility in railway systems.
Jr. Sergio Mayrink; Janaína G. Oliveira; Bruno H. Dias; Leonardo W. Oliveira; Juan S. Ochoa; Gustavo S. Rosseti. Regenerative Braking for Energy Recovering in Diesel-Electric Freight Trains: A Technical and Economic Evaluation. Energies 2020, 13, 963 .
AMA StyleJr. Sergio Mayrink, Janaína G. Oliveira, Bruno H. Dias, Leonardo W. Oliveira, Juan S. Ochoa, Gustavo S. Rosseti. Regenerative Braking for Energy Recovering in Diesel-Electric Freight Trains: A Technical and Economic Evaluation. Energies. 2020; 13 (4):963.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJr. Sergio Mayrink; Janaína G. Oliveira; Bruno H. Dias; Leonardo W. Oliveira; Juan S. Ochoa; Gustavo S. Rosseti. 2020. "Regenerative Braking for Energy Recovering in Diesel-Electric Freight Trains: A Technical and Economic Evaluation." Energies 13, no. 4: 963.
In this paper, a new control strategy for power output smoothing in a hybrid wave energy installation coupled to a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is proposed. The control scheme is composed by three stages: a wave generator clustering process at the farm connection point; a power filtering process; and the control of the flywheel energy storage in order to improve the power output of the hybrid wave farm. The proposed control is validated at the existing Lysekil Wave Energy Site located in Sweden, by using real generator measurements. Results show that the application of the flywheel energy storage system reduces the maximum peak power output from the wave energy installation by 85% and the peak/average power ratio by 76%. It is shown that the proposed system can reduce grid losses by 51%, consequently improving the energy efficiency of the power network. The application of the proposed control strategy allows the hybrid wave power plant to follow a power reference signal that is imposed by the grid operator. In addition, the study demonstrates that the application of the proposed control allows the hybrid wave power plant to follow a power reference signal that is imposed by the grid operator. In addition, the study demonstrates that the application of the proposed control enables a wave farm with flywheel energy storage to be a controllable, flexible resource in order to fulfill future grid code requirements for marine energy installations.
Brenda Rojas-Delgado; Monica Alonso; Hortensia Amaris; Juan De Santiago. Wave Power Output Smoothing through the Use of a High-Speed Kinetic Buffer. Energies 2019, 12, 2196 .
AMA StyleBrenda Rojas-Delgado, Monica Alonso, Hortensia Amaris, Juan De Santiago. Wave Power Output Smoothing through the Use of a High-Speed Kinetic Buffer. Energies. 2019; 12 (11):2196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrenda Rojas-Delgado; Monica Alonso; Hortensia Amaris; Juan De Santiago. 2019. "Wave Power Output Smoothing through the Use of a High-Speed Kinetic Buffer." Energies 12, no. 11: 2196.
This paper presents a novel driveline where the load and the energy source are operated at different voltage levels and they are galvanically insulated. The element that couples both part of the driveline is a Two Voltage Level Machine (TVLM). The machine is formed of a self-excited rotor and a stator with two sets of electrically isolated windings for adjustable speed drive applications. Both sets of these three phase windings are independently operated at different voltages. The equivalent circuit of the TVLM is deduced and phasor diagrams are presented. A complete driveline is simulated and the performance of the complete system is discussed. The driveline is applicable in flywheel energy storage systems for vehicles and power conditioning in renewable energy production.
Juan De Santiago; Anders Larsson; Hans Bernhoff. Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleJuan De Santiago, Anders Larsson, Hans Bernhoff. Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan De Santiago; Anders Larsson; Hans Bernhoff. 2018. "Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
Flywheel systems are attractive for use in electric vehicles, being able to efficiently handle the large power needed for acceleration and regenerative braking. A double wound flywheel machine, divided in two different voltage levels by the windings, acting like a rotating transformer, is studied.
Janaína Gonçalves De Oliveira; Johan Lundin; Juan De Santiago; Hans Bernhoff. A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleJanaína Gonçalves De Oliveira, Johan Lundin, Juan De Santiago, Hans Bernhoff. A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanaína Gonçalves De Oliveira; Johan Lundin; Juan De Santiago; Hans Bernhoff. 2018. "A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
Juan de Santiago; Osvaldo Rodriguez-Villalón; Benoit Sicre. The generation of domestic hot water load profiles in Swiss residential buildings through statistical predictions. Energy and Buildings 2017, 141, 341 -348.
AMA StyleJuan de Santiago, Osvaldo Rodriguez-Villalón, Benoit Sicre. The generation of domestic hot water load profiles in Swiss residential buildings through statistical predictions. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 141 ():341-348.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan de Santiago; Osvaldo Rodriguez-Villalón; Benoit Sicre. 2017. "The generation of domestic hot water load profiles in Swiss residential buildings through statistical predictions." Energy and Buildings 141, no. : 341-348.
A hollow cylinder flywheel rotor with a novel outer rotor switched reluctance machine (SRM) mounted on the interior rim is presented, with measurements, numerical analysis and analytical models. Practical experiences from the construction process are also discussed. The flywheel rotor does not have a shaft and spokes and is predicted to store 181 Wh/kg at ultimate tensile strength (UTS) according to simulations. The novel SRM is an axial flux machine, chosen due to its robustness and tolerance for high strain. The computed maximum tip speed of the motor at UTS is 1050 m/s. A small-scale proof-of-concept electric machine prototype has been constructed, and the machine inductance has been estimated from measurements of voltage and current and compared against results from analytical models and finite element analysis (FEA). The prototype measurements were used to simulate operation during maximal speed for a comparison towards other high-speed electric machines, in terms of tip speed and power. The mechanical design of the flywheel was performed with an analytical formulation assuming planar stress in concentric shells of orthotropic (unidirectionally circumferentially wound) carbon composites. The analytical approach was verified with 3D FEA in terms of stress and strain.
Magnus Hedlund; Tobias Kamf; Juan De Santiago; Johan Abrahamsson; Hans Bernhoff. Reluctance Machine for a Hollow Cylinder Flywheel. Energies 2017, 10, 316 .
AMA StyleMagnus Hedlund, Tobias Kamf, Juan De Santiago, Johan Abrahamsson, Hans Bernhoff. Reluctance Machine for a Hollow Cylinder Flywheel. Energies. 2017; 10 (3):316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnus Hedlund; Tobias Kamf; Juan De Santiago; Johan Abrahamsson; Hans Bernhoff. 2017. "Reluctance Machine for a Hollow Cylinder Flywheel." Energies 10, no. 3: 316.
To stabilize power system frequency both in normal operation and after a contingency, a hierarchy of distributed-proportional and centralized-integral controllers is employed in most power systems. Providing proportional control–commonly referred to as primary frequency control or droop–with conventional generators constitutes significant cost. This led to strong interest in utilizing demand response as a cost-effective primary control reserve. This paper investigates an approach that allows a population of domestic refrigerators to reliably and continuously adjust its demand proportional to system frequency. The control relies exclusively on stochastic switching of refrigerators, and thus avoids synchronization and implementation issues associated with control strategies based on temperature-band adjustments. The scheme is tested on a realistic two-area power system model to investigate interaction with system frequency. The modeling of refrigerators is refined by analyzing the effect of door openings on cooling demand, and response of the refrigerator population under these conditions is described both analytically and with simulations.
Theodor S. Borsche; Juan De Santiago; Göran Andersson. Stochastic control of cooling appliances under disturbances for primary frequency reserves. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 2016, 7, 70 -79.
AMA StyleTheodor S. Borsche, Juan De Santiago, Göran Andersson. Stochastic control of cooling appliances under disturbances for primary frequency reserves. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks. 2016; 7 ():70-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTheodor S. Borsche; Juan De Santiago; Göran Andersson. 2016. "Stochastic control of cooling appliances under disturbances for primary frequency reserves." Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 7, no. : 70-79.
Elkin Rodriguez; Guilherme G. Sotelo; Janaína G. de Oliveira; Juan de Santiago; Morgan Rossander; Richard M. Stephan. Designing, simulations and experiments of a passive permanent magnet bearing. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2016, 51, 131 -149.
AMA StyleElkin Rodriguez, Guilherme G. Sotelo, Janaína G. de Oliveira, Juan de Santiago, Morgan Rossander, Richard M. Stephan. Designing, simulations and experiments of a passive permanent magnet bearing. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2016; 51 (2):131-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElkin Rodriguez; Guilherme G. Sotelo; Janaína G. de Oliveira; Juan de Santiago; Morgan Rossander; Richard M. Stephan. 2016. "Designing, simulations and experiments of a passive permanent magnet bearing." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 51, no. 2: 131-149.
A review of flywheel energy storage technology was made, with a special focus on the progress in automotive applications. We found that there are at least 26 university research groups and 27 companies contributing to flywheel technology development. Flywheels are seen to excel in high-power applications, placing them closer in functionality to supercapacitors than to batteries. Examples of flywheels optimized for vehicular applications were found with a specific power of 5.5 kW/kg and a specific energy of 3.5 Wh/kg. Another flywheel system had 3.15 kW/kg and 6.4 Wh/kg, which can be compared to a state-of-the-art supercapacitor vehicular system with 1.7 kW/kg and 2.3 Wh/kg, respectively. Flywheel energy storage is reaching maturity, with 500 flywheel power buffer systems being deployed for London buses (resulting in fuel savings of over 20%), 400 flywheels in operation for grid frequency regulation and many hundreds more installed for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. The industry estimates the mass-production cost of a specific consumer-car flywheel system to be 2000 USD. For regular cars, this system has been shown to save 35% fuel in the U.S. Federal Test Procedure (FTP) drive cycle.
Magnus Hedlund; Johan Lundin; Juan De Santiago; Johan Abrahamsson; Hans Bernhoff. Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications. Energies 2015, 8, 10636 -10663.
AMA StyleMagnus Hedlund, Johan Lundin, Juan De Santiago, Johan Abrahamsson, Hans Bernhoff. Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications. Energies. 2015; 8 (10):10636-10663.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnus Hedlund; Johan Lundin; Juan De Santiago; Johan Abrahamsson; Hans Bernhoff. 2015. "Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications." Energies 8, no. 10: 10636-10663.
Tooth ripple losses in solid salient poles are calculated with analytical and semi-empirical methods. A numerical method based on the finite element method is presented in this article. The distribution of the eddy currents induced by the tooth ripple is obtained with this new method. The traditional analytic approach is based on some assumptions on the eddy current losses distribution that are finally verified with the Finite Element Method simulations presented. Analytic solutions of tooth ripple losses are only applicable to distributed windings with a homogeneous slot pitch while the method presented is applicable both to distributed and concentrated windings.
Juan De Santiago; Hans Bernhoff. Calculation of Tooth Ripple Losses in Solid Poles. Electric Power Components and Systems 2015, 43, 245 -251.
AMA StyleJuan De Santiago, Hans Bernhoff. Calculation of Tooth Ripple Losses in Solid Poles. Electric Power Components and Systems. 2015; 43 (3):245-251.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan De Santiago; Hans Bernhoff. 2015. "Calculation of Tooth Ripple Losses in Solid Poles." Electric Power Components and Systems 43, no. 3: 245-251.
Fuel cells and high energy density batteries have limited overrated capacity and slow power response. Ultracapacitors and flywheels are proposed to overcome these limitations and to facilitate regenerative braking in hybrid and electric vehicles. The simulations presented in this paper show that a Secondary Energy Storage Unit (SESU) enhances the performance of the drivelines as previously suggested and provides additional improvements. A combined design of the primary energy source and the SESU reduces the total weight and volume and increases the battery lifetime. A full-electric driveline is simulated using a standard EPA FTP-75 drive cycle. Then the same vehicle is simulated with as SESU and the results are compared. The same is done for a hybrid driveline. Two drivelines are used as references and then enhanced with an SESU; four simulations are presented in total. Simulation results show that an energy storage device with very low energy and high power allows better battery selection and energy management.
Juan De Santiago; Florian Burmeister; Johan Lundin; Janaina Goncalves de Oliveira. A Power Buffer in an Electric Driveline: Two Batteries Are Better Than One. ISRN Automotive Engineering 2014, 2014, 1 -9.
AMA StyleJuan De Santiago, Florian Burmeister, Johan Lundin, Janaina Goncalves de Oliveira. A Power Buffer in an Electric Driveline: Two Batteries Are Better Than One. ISRN Automotive Engineering. 2014; 2014 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan De Santiago; Florian Burmeister; Johan Lundin; Janaina Goncalves de Oliveira. 2014. "A Power Buffer in an Electric Driveline: Two Batteries Are Better Than One." ISRN Automotive Engineering 2014, no. : 1-9.
This paper presents experimental results on an innovative electric driveline employing a kinetic energy storage device as energy buffer. A conceptual division of losses in the system was created, separating the complete system into three parts according to their function. This conceptualization of the system yielded a meaningful definition of the concept of efficiency. Additionally, a thorough theoretical framework for the prediction of losses associated with energy storage and transfer in the system was developed. A large number of spin-down tests at varying pressure levels were performed. A separation of the measured data into the different physical processes responsible for power loss was achieved from the corresponding dependence on rotational velocity. This comparison yielded an estimate of the perpendicular resistivity of the stranded copper conductor of 2.5 × 10−8 ± 3.5 × 10−9. Further, power and energy were measured system-wide during operation, and an analysis of the losses was performed. The analytical solution was able to reproduce the measured distribution of losses in the system to an accuracy of 4.7% (95% CI). It was found that the losses attributed to the function of kinetic energy storage in the system amounted to between 45% and 65%, depending on usage.
Johan Abrahamsson; Janaína Gonçalves De Oliveira; Juan De Santiago; Johan Lundin; Hans Bernhoff. On the Efficiency of a Two-Power-Level Flywheel-Based All-Electric Driveline. Energies 2012, 5, 2794 -2817.
AMA StyleJohan Abrahamsson, Janaína Gonçalves De Oliveira, Juan De Santiago, Johan Lundin, Hans Bernhoff. On the Efficiency of a Two-Power-Level Flywheel-Based All-Electric Driveline. Energies. 2012; 5 (8):2794-2817.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohan Abrahamsson; Janaína Gonçalves De Oliveira; Juan De Santiago; Johan Lundin; Hans Bernhoff. 2012. "On the Efficiency of a Two-Power-Level Flywheel-Based All-Electric Driveline." Energies 5, no. 8: 2794-2817.
This paper presents a critical review of the drivelines in all-electric vehicles (EVs). The motor topologies that are the best candidates to be used in EVs are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each electric motor type are discussed from a system perspective. A survey of the electric motors used in commercial EVs is presented. The survey shows that car manufacturers are very conservative when it comes to introducing new technologies. Most of the EVs on the market mount a single induction or permanent-magnet (PM) motor with a traditional mechanic driveline with a differential. This paper illustrates that comparisons between the different motors are difficult by the large number of parameters and the lack of a recommended test scheme. The authors propose that a standardized drive cycle be used to test and compare motors.
Juan de Santiago; Hans Bernhoff; Boel Ekergård; Sandra Eriksson; Senad Ferhatovic; Rafael Waters; Mats Leijon. Electrical Motor Drivelines in Commercial All-Electric Vehicles: A Review. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2011, 61, 475 -484.
AMA StyleJuan de Santiago, Hans Bernhoff, Boel Ekergård, Sandra Eriksson, Senad Ferhatovic, Rafael Waters, Mats Leijon. Electrical Motor Drivelines in Commercial All-Electric Vehicles: A Review. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2011; 61 (2):475-484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan de Santiago; Hans Bernhoff; Boel Ekergård; Sandra Eriksson; Senad Ferhatovic; Rafael Waters; Mats Leijon. 2011. "Electrical Motor Drivelines in Commercial All-Electric Vehicles: A Review." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 61, no. 2: 475-484.
Flywheel systems are attractive for use in electric vehicles, being able to efficiently handle the large power needed for acceleration and regenerative braking. A double wound flywheel machine, divided in two different voltage levels by the windings, acting like a rotating transformer, is studied.The flywheel stator windings have two sides: a low voltage side connected to the battery and a high voltage side connected to the wheel motor. The load variations on the high voltage side have minimal affect on the low voltage side of the system, in which the speed control of the machine is performed.In this paper the functionality of the system is investigated by means of simulations and experiments. Different standard drive cycles are applied on the high voltage side to assess the effect of load variations in the system as a whole and particularly in the speed control. The response of the speed control system is investigated with computer simulations and experimental verification. The energy storage in the flywheel allows a steady power supply from the battery via the inverter, proving the functionality of the system.
Janaína Goncalves De Oliveira; Johan Lundin; Juan De Santiago; Hans Bernhoff. A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 2010, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleJanaína Goncalves De Oliveira, Johan Lundin, Juan De Santiago, Hans Bernhoff. A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems. 2010; 11 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanaína Goncalves De Oliveira; Johan Lundin; Juan De Santiago; Hans Bernhoff. 2010. "A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 11, no. 4: 1.
This paper presents the ongoing work of constructing a complete driveline for an electric road vehicle, using a flywheel as auxiliary energy storage. The flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is connected in series between the main energy storage (batteries) and the wheel motor of the vehicle, allowing the batteries to deliver power to the system in an optimized way, while at the same time making efficient use of regenerative braking. A double wound permanent magnet electric machine is used to electrically separate the two sides. In order to minimize losses, the machine has a double rotor configuration and is suspended with magnetic bearings. A bench test set-up is being constructed to investigate the properties of this system in detail. This set-up will achieve a level of power and energy close to that of a full scale system. This will allow measurements of complete drive cycles to be performed, improving the understanding of the constituting components and optimization of the complete system.
Johan Abrahamsson; Juan De Santiago; Janaina G. Oliveira; Johan Lundin; Hans Bernhoff. Prototype of electric driveline with magnetically levitated double wound motor. The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010 2010, 1 -5.
AMA StyleJohan Abrahamsson, Juan De Santiago, Janaina G. Oliveira, Johan Lundin, Hans Bernhoff. Prototype of electric driveline with magnetically levitated double wound motor. The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010. 2010; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohan Abrahamsson; Juan De Santiago; Janaina G. Oliveira; Johan Lundin; Hans Bernhoff. 2010. "Prototype of electric driveline with magnetically levitated double wound motor." The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010 , no. : 1-5.
This paper presents a novel driveline where the load and the energy source are operated at different voltage levels and they are galvanically insulated. The element that couples both part of the driveline is a Two Voltage Level Machine (TVLM). The machine is formed of a self-excited rotor and a stator with two sets of electrically isolated windings for adjustable speed drive applications. Both sets of these three phase windings are independently operated at different voltages. The equivalent circuit of the TVLM is deduced and phasor diagrams are presented. A complete driveline is simulated and the performance of the complete system is discussed. The driveline is applicable in flywheel energy storage systems for vehicles and power conditioning in renewable energy production.
Juan De Santiago; Anders Larsson; Hans Bernhoff. Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 2010, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleJuan De Santiago, Anders Larsson, Hans Bernhoff. Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems. 2010; 11 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan De Santiago; Anders Larsson; Hans Bernhoff. 2010. "Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 11, no. 3: 1.
This paper analyzes the losses of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motor/generators integrated in flywheel energy storage applications with a coreless winding. This configuration has several advantages over traditional slotted ones for some applications since the losses in a toothless design are at a lower level than in an equivalent iron slotted devices. It has lower idle losses and potentially higher overall efficiency than conventional machines. 3-D finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate flux density in the air gap and to simulate the electromotive force (back EMF) and eddy current losses in the windings. A small-scale three-phase machine has been designed and constructed. Spin down tests have been performed in atmospheric pressure and at low pressure and eddy current, bearing and drag losses are presented.
J. Santiago; J. G. Oliveira; J. Lundin; A. Larsson; H. Bernhoff. Losses in axial-flux permanent-magnet coreless flywheel energy storage systems. 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines 2008, 1 -5.
AMA StyleJ. Santiago, J. G. Oliveira, J. Lundin, A. Larsson, H. Bernhoff. Losses in axial-flux permanent-magnet coreless flywheel energy storage systems. 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines. 2008; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Santiago; J. G. Oliveira; J. Lundin; A. Larsson; H. Bernhoff. 2008. "Losses in axial-flux permanent-magnet coreless flywheel energy storage systems." 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines , no. : 1-5.