Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is a promising energy trading mechanism due to the deployment of distributed energy resources in recent years. Trading energy between prosumers and consumers in the local energy market is undergoing massive research and development, paying significant attention to the business model of the energy market. In this paper, an extensive review was conducted on the current research in P2P energy trading to understand the business layer of the energy market concerning business model dimensions: bidding strategies and the market-clearing approach. Different types of game theoretical-based and auction-based market-clearing mechanisms are investigated, including a detailed classification of auctions. This study considers the possibility of employing the P2P technique in developing countries and reviewing existing business models and trading policies. The business layer of the P2P structure plays a vital role in developing an effective trading mechanism based on interactive energy markets.

In mounted photovoltaic (PV) facilities, energy output losses due to inter-row shading are unavoidable. In order to limit the shadow cast by one module row on another, sufficient inter-row space must be planned. However, it is not uncommon to see PV plants with such close row spacing that energy losses occur owing to row-to-row shading effects. Low module prices and high ground costs lead to such configurations, so the maximum energy output per available surface area is prioritized over optimum energy production per peak power. For any applications where the plant power output needs to be calculated, an exact analysis of the influence of inter-row shading on power generation is required. In this paper, an effective methodology is proposed and discussed in detail, ultimately, to enable PV system designers to identify the optimal inter-row spacing between arrays by generating a multiplier factor. The spacing multiplier factor is mathematically formulated and is generated to be a general formula for any geographical location including flat and non-flat terrains. The developed model is implemented using two case studies with two different terrains, to provide a wider context. The first one is in the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia (KSA) provinces, giving a flat terrain case study; the inter-row spacing multiplier factor is estimated for the direct use of a systems designer. The second one is the water pump for agricultural watering using renewable energy sources, giving a non-flat terrain case study in Dhamar, Al-Hada, Yemen. In this case study, the optimal inter-row spacing factor is estimated for limited-area applications. Therefore, the effective area using the proposed formula is minimized so that the shading of PV arrays on each other is avoided, with a simple design using the spacing factor methodology.

Green hydrogen and power-to-X technologies hold significant potential in the global energy transition towards net-zero emissions. This is attributed to the premise that these technologies can decarbonize numerous sectors worldwide by providing versatile and sustainable energy carriers and industrial feedstocks to replace fossil-based fuels and chemicals. To this end, the qualitative benefits of green hydrogen and power-to-X technologies have been thoroughly examined for various applications in past years. In contrast, quantifying the potential penetration of such technologies on national and global levels still requires extensive research. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospective integration of green hydrogen and power-to-X technologies within Jordanian industries, considering their quantitative utilization potential for current and future capacities. The findings showed that the Jordanian food processing and heavy industries emerged as major sectors with substantial potential for incorporating green hydrogen and power-to-X products as alternative fuels or chemical feedstocks. In detail, the total potential utilization capacity for these sectors stood at around 57 thousand tons per year. Specifically, fertilizers production, cement industry, steel reforming, and oil refinery possess an annual potential capacity of around 6.8, 11.8, 12.7, and 25.8 thousand tons, respectively. It is also worth mentioning that the current utilization capacity of hydrogen in Jordanian industries was found to be around 8.9 thousand tons per annum, which is completely covered by fossil-based hydrogen to date. These results imply that there will be a promising market for green hydrogen and power-to-X utilization in Jordanian industries, which will play a significant role in integrated energy transition efforts in the future.

The decaying prices and improving efficiency of bifacial solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies make them most promising for harnessing solar radiation. Deserts have a high solar potential, but harsh conditions like high temperatures and dust negatively affect the performance of any proposed solar system. The most attractive aspect of deserts is their long-term sustainability, as they are free from urban and agricultural expansion. In this work, the System Advisor Model (SAM) software version 2023.12.17 was used to model a 100 MW PV plant and evaluate the techno-economic performance of fixed, 1-axis, and 2-axis bifacial systems under the climatic conditions of six deserts from around the world. This study explores technical parameters such as the performance ratio, specific yield, and capacity factor. Additionally, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) indicator was used to compare the economic performance of the different systems. Results showed high specific yield: the averages for the three systems in six deserts were 2040, 2372, and 2555 kWh/kWp, respectively. Economic analysis found that an LCOE below 4 ¢/kWh is achievable in all deserts, reaching a minimum of 2.45 ¢/kWh under favorable conditions. These results emphasize the high potential of utility-scale PV projects in deserts to advance a green, sustainable energy future.