Aluminum is a critical element of the circular economy as it can be recycled several times. Moreover, Al recycling is a more economically and environmentally efficient procedure than the primary Al production from ores. Secondary aluminum alloys are mostly used in casting applications since it is possible to accommodate their chemical composition through secondary manufacturing processes. However, the quality of the alloys may be considerably altered during the different steps of the recycling process. Inadequate waste sorting might result in excessive contamination. Iron is the most dangerous contaminant because it causes brittle and fragile intermetallic phases, which significantly impacts the mechanical characteristics of alloys. In addition, the microstructure of the alloy changes significantly after multiple cycles of remelting. These issues lead to the downcycling of aluminum, i.e., in other words, the reduction in the overall quality of the alloys. Thus, it has been shown that a number of procedures, including ultrasonic melt treatment and microalloying with rare earths, can somewhat alter the shape of the Fe-rich phases in order to reduce the shortcomings of downcycling. However, a solid mechanical characterization is still missing in order to improve the Fe-rich phase alteration.

Mandibular reconstruction has been experiencing an amazing evolution. Several different approaches are used to reconstruct this bone and therefore have a fundamental role in the recovery of oral functions. This review aims to highlight the persistent problems associated with the approaches identified, whether bone grafts or prosthetic devices are used. A brief summary of the historical evolution of the surgical procedures is presented, as well as an insight into possible future pathways. A literature review was conducted from September to December 2012 using the PubMed database. The keyword used was “mandible reconstruction.” Articles published in the last three years were included as well as the relevant references from those articles and the “historical articles” were referred. This research resulted in a monograph that this article aims to summarize. Titanium plates, bone grafts, pediculate flaps, free osteomyocutaneous flaps, rapid prototyping, and tissue engineering strategies are some of the identified possibilities. The classical approaches present considerable associated morbidity donor-site-related problems. Research that results in the development of new prosthetics devices is needed. A new prosthetic approach could minimize the identified problems and offer the patients more predictable, affordable, and comfortable solutions. This review, while affirming the evolution and the good results found with the actual approaches, emphasizes the negative aspects that still subsist. Thus, it shows that mandible reconstruction is not a closed issue. On the contrary, it remains as a research field where new findings could have a direct positive impact on patients’ life quality. The identification of the persistent problems reveals the characteristics to be considered in a new prosthetic device. This could overcome the current difficulties and result in more comfortable solutions. Medical teams have the responsibility to keep patients informed about the predictable problems related with each elected approach, even understanding that a perfect reconstruction is a secondary goal when compared with maintenance of life.

The investigation draws from the fundamentals of the mechanical behaviour of titanium grade 2 to the design and fabrication of facial implants by means of single point incremental forming. To provide knowledge on the capabilities and limitations of a new manufacturing technology to fabricate low-cost, patient-specific medical implants. Rapid fabrication of a simplified model of a facial implant. Circle grid analysis and its graphical representation in the fracture forming limit diagram combined with finite element modelling are utilized to identify the failure limits and to assist the overall design of the facial implants. Fabrication of facial implants without and with failure by cracking due to excessive thinning of the sheet from where the implant is to be cut. Identification of the major operative parameters that influence fabrication of sound facial implants by means of single point incremental forming. Reduce the gap between production engineers and the medical community by presenting a state-of-the-art manufacturing technology to produce low-cost, patient-specific medical implants.

Laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM) offers the ability to produce near-net-shape parts with unparalleled energy efficiency and flexibility in both geometry and material selection. Despite their advantages, these processes are inherently complex and are characterized by multiphysics interactions, multiscale phenomena, and highly dynamic behaviors, making their modeling and optimization particularly challenging. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing the monitoring and control of additive manufacturing. This paper presents a systematic review of AI applications for real-time control of laser-based manufacturing processes, analyzing 11 relevant articles sourced from the Scopus and IEEE Xplore databases. The ultimate aim of this work is to contribute to the advancement of autonomous manufacturing systems - capable of self-monitoring and self-correction to ensure optimal part quality, enhanced efficiency, and reduced human intervention. By defining a groundwork for future developments, this review not only highlights current advancements but also paves the way for continued innovation and progress to develop AI-based controllers in manufacturing.