Emissions of formaldehyde from wood-based panels, such as plywood, are gaining increased attention due to their carcinogenic impact on human health and detrimental effects on the environment. Plywood, which is primarily bound with a urea-formaldehyde adhesive, releases formaldehyde during hot pressing and gradually over time. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of non-formaldehyde adhesive types on plywood performance. In addition, plywood performance was assessed by comparing Jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq) veneer with other Indonesian wood veneers such as Mempisang (Alphonse spp.) and Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). To manufacture a three-layer plywood panel, a two-step manufacturing process was devised. The first step involved the use of Jabon veneers treated with citric acid (CA), maleic acid (MA), and molasses (MO), and another step was carried out for various wood veneers such as Jabon, Mempisang, and Mahogany using CA. The performance of plywood was examined using JAS 233:2003. The performance of plywood bonded with CA was better than that of plywood bonded with MA and MO. The Jabon wood veneer resulted in a lower density of plywood than other wood veneers. The water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity, and tensile shear strength of plywood from Jabon wood veneer were similar to those of plywood from Mahogany wood veneer and lower than those of Mempisang wood veneer. The ester linkages of plywood bonded with CA were greater than those of plywood bonded with MA and MO because plywood bonded with CA has better performance than plywood bonded with MA and MO.

This physical and mechanical properties of a table tennis blade made from sorghum bagasse particleboard (TTBSB-particleboard) bonded maleic acid adhesive was investigated under pressing temperature and time variations. The TTBSB-particleboard was produced via a two-stage process in this study. A pressing temperature of 170–200 °C was used to prepare the first stage for 10 min. Following this, the second stage of the TTBSB-particleboard was produced with a different pressing time of 5–20 min. The TTBSB-particleboard had a specified target density of 0.6 g/cm³ and a size of 30 cm × 30 cm × 0.6 cm, respectively. For references concerning the tested quality of TTBSB-particleboard, the JIS A 5908-2003 standard has been used. For comparison, the commercial blades of Yuguan Wooden 1011 and Donic Original Carbo Speed were tested under the same conditions. The quality of the TTBSB-particleboard was successfully enhanced by increasing the pressing temperature (170 to 200 °C) and time (5 to 20 min). As a result, the pressing condition of 200 °C and 20 min were effective in this study. The TTBSB-particleboard in this study has a greater weight than the commercial blades of Yuguan and Donic. However, the TTBSB-particleboard in this study had a ball rebound comparable to that of the Donic blade.