Wood plant in-vitro propagation is currently widely used and is not limited to the preparation of superior seeds but has been widely utilized for the production of phytopharmaceuticals and the production of a valuable and specific tree for the benefit of man. Studies focused on the influence of explant collection seasons, selection of basic media, and plant growth hormone. The results of the study showed the magnitude of the variables that must be considered in the propagation of tissue cultures even in the same species and types of cultures. The period of January and March is the best time for explant retrieval because it provides the best explant response in bud breakage, lowest browning, and best bud induction. The basic media of MS (Murashige & Skoog), as well as its various modifications and the basic medium of WPM (Wood Plant Medium), tend to be widely chosen as the basic media at various levels of subcultures in many woody plant species. The application of growth regulators shows a tendency to use BAP (benzyl amino purine) and NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) whose application is separately or in combination with a certain concentration according to the species and subculture phase. Other plant growth regulators (PGRs) that are also quite widely used are the IBA (indole butyric acid), IAA (indole acetic acid), and G3 (gibberellic acid) groups which are used in the multiplication and rooting stages. The information from the study can be used as basic information at the stage of optimizing tissue culture activities in different species, explanatory, and regeneration types. The success of the optimization stage will be used as an improvement to the previous woody plant tissue culture protocol so that optimization of success is achieved. In vitro propagation is always associated with the number of resources used, so efforts to improve in vitro protocols are a very important activity to evaluate that will lead to increased effectiveness to reduce resource inputs, and be able to realize low-cost wood plant tissue culture propagation.

Sugar palm bunch/SPB (Arenga longipes Mogea) waste is a lignocellulosic material derived from the harvest of sugar palm fruit (kolang-kaling). Therefore, this study aims to examine the anatomical, physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of SPB. The anatomical characterization results showed that SPB had two forms of fibrovascular bundles (FVBs), namely large and small. Based on morphology, SPB fibers had a length, diameter, average lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness of approximately 1346.42 ± 415.71 μm, 20.05 ± 3.81 μm, 11.82 ± 2.95 μm, and 4.12 ± 1.08 μm, respectively. FVB tissue of the sample had a fairly high density of 4–6 FVB per 4 mm² with a non-vascular area/total area ratio of 57.25%. The results showed that the sample contained 45.31 ± 3.20% cellulose, 23.21 ± 3.73% hemicellulose, 27.23 ± 4.23% lignin, and 1.39 ± 0.32% ash content. In addition, the extractive content that dissolved in hot water, cold water, ethanol-benzene, and 1% NaOH was 4.79 ± 0.84%, 7.12 ± 0.68%, 7.27 ± 2.38%, and 29.81 ± 3.78%, respectively. The GC–MS analysis results showed that A. longipes bunch contained several compounds, including carboxylic acid (tetradecanoic, octadecanoic), methoxy group (3-hydoxyphthalide), and palmitic acid. Meanwhile, the FTIR analysis showed the presence of OH groups with high intensity, which were identified as aromatic groups, as well as phenol groups recognized as lignin. Based on these results, characteristics of SPB were more suitable as raw materials for biomass energy, absorbent activated carbon, composite board, and surfactant.

Emissions of formaldehyde from wood-based panels, such as plywood, are gaining increased attention due to their carcinogenic impact on human health and detrimental effects on the environment. Plywood, which is primarily bound with a urea-formaldehyde adhesive, releases formaldehyde during hot pressing and gradually over time. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of non-formaldehyde adhesive types on plywood performance. In addition, plywood performance was assessed by comparing Jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq) veneer with other Indonesian wood veneers such as Mempisang (Alphonse spp.) and Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). To manufacture a three-layer plywood panel, a two-step manufacturing process was devised. The first step involved the use of Jabon veneers treated with citric acid (CA), maleic acid (MA), and molasses (MO), and another step was carried out for various wood veneers such as Jabon, Mempisang, and Mahogany using CA. The performance of plywood was examined using JAS 233:2003. The performance of plywood bonded with CA was better than that of plywood bonded with MA and MO. The Jabon wood veneer resulted in a lower density of plywood than other wood veneers. The water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity, and tensile shear strength of plywood from Jabon wood veneer were similar to those of plywood from Mahogany wood veneer and lower than those of Mempisang wood veneer. The ester linkages of plywood bonded with CA were greater than those of plywood bonded with MA and MO because plywood bonded with CA has better performance than plywood bonded with MA and MO.