Security networks as one of the biggest issue for network managers with the exponential growth of devices connected to the internet. Keeping a big and diverse network running smoothly and securely is no easy feat. With this in mind, emerging technologies like software defined networking (SDN) and internet of things (IoT) hold considerable promise for information service innovation in the cloud and big data era. Therefore, this paper describes the model of SDN and the architecture of IoT. Then this review does not only review the research studies in SDN-IoT but also provides an explanation of the SDN-IoT solution in terms of architecture, main consideration, model, and the implementation of SDN controllers for IoT. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and future directions. This paper can be used as a starting point for thinking about how to improve SDN-IoT security and privacy.

Study purpose: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT in critical thinking skills among medical students. Methods: This cross-sectional survey study recruited 392 medical students from three public universities in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing perceptions of ChatGPT's impact on critical thinking skills. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance, and Cronbach's alpha to evaluate reliability. Results: Significant gender-based differences were found in perceptions of ChatGPT's efficacy, particularly in generating diverse perspectives ( P = 0.0407*) and encouraging questioning ( P = 0.0277*). Reflective practice perceptions varied significantly by age ( P = 0.0302*), while academic backgrounds yielded significant differences across all factors assessed ( P < 0.0001*). Overall, 92.6% believed integrating ChatGPT would benefit critical thinking skills. Most participants ( N = 174) strongly agreed that ChatGPT improved critical thinking. Conclusion: Integrating ChatGPT into medical education could offer valuable opportunities for fostering critical thinking abilities, albeit with the need for addressing associated challenges and ensuring inclusivity.

Vehicular fog systems that are enabled by fifth-generation (5G) networks can significantly improve traffic safety and efficiency through vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicles must have their legal status verified before they can join the network, as vehicular systems depend on open communication. Consequently, several anonymous authentication schemes have been created to withstand malicious vehicles, with the foundations being bilinear pairing or elliptic curve cryptography. But quantum attacks can easily defeat these schemes. To address this problem, this study introduces a 5G-supported vehicular fog system anonymous authentication strategy that makes use of lattice-based cryptography. The suggested system communicates with trusted authorities (TAs) and automobiles over the 5G-base station’s communication range, and it employs fog servers to authenticate vehicles and distribute anonymous data. By recognizing the cars and the users they are affiliated with, the TA in the suggested method can keep tabs on everyone working on a specific task. With the use of ProVerif, a protocol verification tool, we were able to determine that our authentication mechanism effectively hides user, vehicle, and fog server data. After calculating the associated computation and transmission costs, we integrated the suggested technique with state-of-the-art anonymous authentication utilizing lattice-based encryption to ward off quantum attacks. The computational costs of the proposal technique for message signing and batch/single verification are 0.3149 ms, 0.0724 ms, and 0.0724 n ms, respectively. Whereas, 18448 bits is the communication cost of the suggested method. Thus, the results show that our solution has a reduced processing cost for creating and verifying message signatures, but a much higher transmission cost.

New networking issues are presented by the increasing need for a wide variety of applications, which has spurred the creation of a new internet of things (IoT) paradigm, such as long range (LoRa). The LoRa protocol uses a patented kind of spread spectrum modulation to provide low-power, long-range communication. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of LoRa-IoT in terms of IoT applications, LoRa class, security and privacy requirements, and the evolution of LoRa technology. This review analysis and compares long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) to wireless technology (e.g., Bluetooth, LoRa, 5G, Sigfox, long term evolution-M (LTE-M), Wi-Fi, Z-wave, Zigbee) and provides a list of environment simulators (e.g., OMNeT++, MATLAB, ns-3, SimPy) to carry out experiment for LoRa-IoT. Finally, this review does not only review literature recently studied for LoRa-IoT but also discusses challenges and future directions.

The driving experience in fifth-generation (5G)-assisted vehicular fog computing systems has improved thanks to recent advancements in intelligent transportation. However, in the present vehicular system setup, the phenomenon of providing low computation overhead with massive serving capability is crucial. In the existing scenario, the computational complexity rises when an authenticated driver travels from one roadside unit (RSU) area to another RSU region and must undergo re-authentication by the existing RSU. In this paper, an efficient blockchain-based pseudonym authentication scheme to address these issues and avoiding using RSU for 5G-assisted vehicular fog computing. The pseudonym identity generated for each vehicles and fog servers in order to exchange information about the road environment. The proposed scheme avoids re-authentication by the future fog server by utilising bilinear pairing of points on the elliptic curve and utilising blockchain technology without the need for a trusted authority. For fog computing, fog server obtains the verification key to authenticate the messages sent from vehicles for supporting revocation. The security analysis part of this work shows that the proposed scheme is not only satisfy requirements of security and privacy, but also resistance security attacks. Finally, the evaluation of the proposed scheme’s performance shows that it is more efficient than existing schemes with regards to computation cost, verification speed, and energy consumption.