The paper proposes a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor utilizing MXene and a Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂) material layer, placed on the Ag metal-based conventional biosensor to detect disease in human teeth. The SPR biosensor works on the principle of attenuated total reflection. The transverse matrix method was utilized for the reflectivity calculation. The thickness of the Ag layer, MXene, and MoS₂ were taken as 45, 0.993, and 0.375 nm, respectively. Single-layer MoS₂ and two layers of MXene were taken, and the highest sensitivity of the sensor for the enamel, dentin, and cementum was obtained at 83.219 deg/RIU, 91.460 deg/RIU, and 104.744 deg/RIU. MoS₂ was used to enhance the biocompatibility of the analyte with the sensing layer. The aqueous solution had been considered as sensing medium.

The objective of this study was to study the incidence of type of impaction of mandibular third molars based on the classifications of Pell and Gregory and Winter, which included angulation of the tooth and level of the occlusal surface of the third molar with respect to the second molar, respectively, in a sample of Saudi population in central region. In this retrospective study, orthopantomograms (OPGs) of 17760 patients were examined, who were reported by the Dental University Hospital (DUH) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between the years 2016 and 2020. Out of 17760 radiographs, 2187 (12.31%) patients presented with at least one impacted third molar. Out of which, 1337 (7.52%) patients had bilateral impaction and 850 (4.78%) patients had unilateral impaction (p < 0.001). No gender predominance was noted in the impaction status (p > 0.05). In bilateral impaction, 671 were male (50.2%) and 666 were female (49.8%). Among unilateral impaction, 394 (46.4%) were male and 456 (53.6%) were female. Mesioangular angulation was the most common pattern of impaction (65%) followed by vertical angulation in both bilateral and unilateral impactions. Level A impaction was found to be highest in both bilateral and unilateral impactions which are 48.02% and 54.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). Our study highlights mesioangular impaction and level “A” as the most frequently encountered angulation and level of impaction in impacted teeth. This study result provides us useful data regarding the radiographic status of mandibular third molars in the population of Saudi Arabia.

Introduction. The temporomandibular joint is a complex synovial joint in the body. It is the area in which the mandible articulates with the cranium. The temporomandibular joint space is located between the articular eminence and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone at the base of the skull and the condylar process of the mandible. This interarticular space is divided into superior joint space (1.2 ml) and inferior joint space (0.9 ml) by the articular disc. The purpose of this study is to detect and evaluate the variations in the temporomandibular joint space among patients having temporomandibular joint disorders. Materials and Methods. In this retrospective study, 60 magnetic resonance imaging scans were evaluated at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between the years 2006 and 2016. Measurements were done in sagittal view in three areas: anterior, central, and posterior areas. However, coronal view readings were recorded in two different areas: medial and lateral joint spaces. All measurements were recorded at the highest point of the condyle that is perpendicular to the opposing bone. The SPSS program was used for statistical analysis. Results. The central joint space values were higher than the anterior and posterior joint spaces in both coronal and sagittal views. We also found that joint spaces among male patients were higher than female patients (right side P = 0.015 and left side P = 0.006). It is worth mentioning that the number of temporomandibular joint disorder female patients was more than the number of male temporomandibular joint disorder patients (52 females versus 24 males). Additionally, patients who were older than 55 years old had wider joint spaces than patients who were younger than 25 years old. Conclusion. The central joint space value was the highest among the other joint spaces on both views of magnetic resonance imaging, and the values of joint spaces among males were larger than those of females on sagittal magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with elderly temporomandibular joint disorders showed larger joint spaces than young patients. This study spotlights the importance of magnetic resonance imaging evaluation in temporomandibular joint disorder patients for a better understanding of the clinical evolution of temporomandibular disorders.

In order to detect dental diseases, the current numerical study proposes a novel multilayer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor structure. Changes in the refractive index (RI) of the sensing medium (SM) can be detected by the proposed sensor. The proposed sensor has been implemented using copper (Cu), molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe₂), and black phosphorus (BP) layers over the SF11 prism. Performance metrics such as sensitivity (S), detection accuracy (DA), figure of merit (FoM), and penetration depth (PD) are measured. Long-range RI of SM (1.33–1.631) yields the sensitivity of 106.4°/RIU with remarkable minimum reflectivity and a 3*BP layer. The maximum sensitivity of 110.27°/RIU is obtained by taking four times the BP layers. We also have an analysis of the cementum, dentin, and enamel layers of human teeth. In terms of sensitivity, DA, FoM, and PD, the suggested sensor shows encouraging results, paving the way for future advancements in plasmonic sensing technology. Moving forward, several key research avenues can be investigated to improve sensor performance and expand its applications.