The paper proposes a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor utilizing MXene and a Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂) material layer, placed on the Ag metal-based conventional biosensor to detect disease in human teeth. The SPR biosensor works on the principle of attenuated total reflection. The transverse matrix method was utilized for the reflectivity calculation. The thickness of the Ag layer, MXene, and MoS₂ were taken as 45, 0.993, and 0.375 nm, respectively. Single-layer MoS₂ and two layers of MXene were taken, and the highest sensitivity of the sensor for the enamel, dentin, and cementum was obtained at 83.219 deg/RIU, 91.460 deg/RIU, and 104.744 deg/RIU. MoS₂ was used to enhance the biocompatibility of the analyte with the sensing layer. The aqueous solution had been considered as sensing medium.

In this study, we present a surface plasmon resonance(SPR) sensor design utilizing a bimetallic prism configuration composed of silver (Ag) and nickel (Ni) for spike and nucleoprotein RBD detection in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The sensor’s performance is enhanced by black phosphorus (BP), a 2-D nanomaterial known for its superior biomolecule adsorption, which improves the interaction between bioanalytes and the sensor surface. Key performance metrics, including sensitivity, detection accuracy (DA), figure of merit (FOM), and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), are comprehensively evaluated. The sensor’s design is optimized by adjusting the thicknesses of Ag, Ni, and barium titanate (BaTiO₃) layers. The optimal configuration consists of a 40-nm Ag layer, a 9-nm Ni layer, an 11-nm BaTiO₃ layer, and a monolayer of BP, achieving the highest sensitivity of 533°/RIU for spike RBD and 525°/RIU for nucleoprotein RBD. The device further demonstrates a DA of 0.325 1/° for the spike RBD and 0.255 1/° for the nucleoprotein RBD, with corresponding FOM of 115 RIU⁻¹ and 108 RIU⁻¹, respectively. This setup also demonstrated excellent DA, FWHM, and FOM, making it ideal for real-time, label-free detection applications. The proposed sensor shows great potential, particularly in detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus, highlighting its suitability for clinical diagnostic use.