The increase in fracture rates and/or problems associated with missing bones due to accidents or various pathologies generates socio-health problems with a very high impact. Tissue engineering aims to offer some kind of strategy to promote the repair of damaged tissue or its restoration as close as possible to the original tissue. Among the alternatives proposed by this specialty, the development of scaffolds obtained from recombinant proteins is of special importance. Furthermore, science and technology have advanced to obtain recombinant chimera’s proteins. This review aims to offer a synthetic description of the latest and most outstanding advances made with these types of scaffolds, particularly emphasizing the main recombinant proteins that can be used to construct scaffolds in their own right, i.e., not only to impregnate them, but also to make scaffolds from their complex structure, with the purpose of being considered in bone regenerative medicine in the near future.

Background/Objectives: Chronic exposure to stress has been considered a risk factor for hypertension, which is also associated with increased bone resorption. This review aimed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic stress, associated with hypertension, on the skeletal system. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in English. We include experimental, clinical, and peer-reviewed studies focused on the relationship between stress, hypertension, and bone resorption. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase and Scopus, with the last search completed on 10 September 2024. Results: The main topics include situations that favor bone loss, such as psychological stress, which can lead to osteoporotic fractures through immunological and endocrine mechanisms. The relationship between psychological stress and loss of bone density, as in osteoporosis, occurs due to the reduction in the number of osteoblasts and loss in the balance between physiological formation/resorption. Conclusions: Chronic stress significantly affects cardiovascular health and bone resorption. This narrative review study highlights the vulnerability of the skeletal system, along with the cardiovascular system, to prolonged stress, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary strategies in preventing stress-related conditions. Effective stress management can help reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease and bone resorption, emphasizing their role in comprehensive health care.

Treating fractures involving complex bone defects remains a major challenge in regenerative medicine. Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of patient-specific implants, while surface anodization may enhance osseointegration by improving cell adhesion at the bone–implant interface. This study evaluated the feasibility of porous Ti-6Al-4V implants produced by additive manufacturing and surface-modified by anodization for repairing critical-sized femoral defects. Eighty rats were assigned to four groups: control (no graft), non-anodized Ti-6Al-4V implants, nanoporous implants, and nanotubular implants. After six weeks, bone regeneration and mechanical performance were assessed. Newly formed bone volume was significantly higher in the implanted groups compared to control (24.62 ± 3.11%), reaching 47.25 ± 3.92% (non-anodized), 58.20 ± 5.39% (nanoporous), and 40.72 ± 2.22% (nanotubular). Bone strength was also greater in implanted groups (150.27 ± 2.94 N, 151.98 ± 10.37 N, and 156.59 ± 4.95 N, respectively) compared to control (128.16 ± 2.17 N), with no significant differences among treated groups. No signs of implant rejection or inflammation were observed, indicating good biocompatibility. Anodized surfaces demonstrated enhanced osteogenic performance, particularly in the nanoporous group. These findings indicate that anodized porous Ti-6Al-4V implants produced by additive manufacturing combine biological compatibility with mechanical stability, supporting their potential application in bone reconstruction therapies.

Background/Objectives: Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases and is often intensified by psychological stress, which can also affect bone metabolism. Although both conditions independently compromise bone health, their combined impact—particularly under acute and chronic stress—remains unclear. This pilot study aimed to assess the effects of such stressors on bone structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods: Forty male rats, both normotensive and SHRs, were randomly assigned to control, acute stress, or chronic stress groups. Acute stress involves a single 2 h physical restraint. Chronic stress was induced over 10 days using alternating stressors: agitation, forced swimming, physical restraint, cold exposure, and water deprivation. Tibial bones were analyzed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), and histology was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson’s Trichrome stains. Results: Micro-CT showed increased trabecular bone volume in normotensive rats under chronic stress, whereas SHRs displayed impaired remodeling under both stress types. Histological analysis revealed preserved connective tissue overall but evident changes in growth plate structure among stressed rats. SHRs exhibited exacerbated trabecular formation and cartilage abnormalities, including necrotic zones. Conclusions: Both acute and chronic stress, especially in the context of hypertension, negatively affect bone remodeling and maturation. Despite the absence of overt inflammation, structural bone changes were evident, indicating potential long-term risks. These findings highlight the importance of further studies on stress–hypertension interactions in bone health as well as the exploration of therapeutic approaches to mitigate skeletal damage under such conditions.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic compound found in plants of the Cannabis genus, extensively studied for its therapeutic potential. Research has shown that CBD possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regenerative properties, and may contribute to the recovery of neural and bone tissues. In light of the aging population and the resulting rise in neurodegenerative and osteodegenerative conditions, exploring novel therapeutic strategies that promote cellular regeneration is increasingly important. This review aims to compile and critically analyze key studies published in recent decades regarding the effects of CBD on the regeneration of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as bone tissue. Findings from in vivo studies indicate that CBD can attenuate inflammatory responses, inhibit oxidative stress, and modulate cellular pathways involved in tissue repair, thereby supporting neuronal and bone regeneration. Moreover, evidence suggests that CBD may protect cells from structural damage, enhancing the functional recovery of affected tissues. Despite scientific advances highlighting cannabidiol as a promising agent for bone and nerve regeneration, its therapeutic application still faces significant limitations. The primary challenge lies in the lack of robust clinical trials in humans, as most existing evidence is derived from in vitro and in vivo studies, making it difficult to confirm its efficacy and safety in clinical contexts. Additionally, CBD’s low bioavailability—due to first-pass hepatic metabolism—hinders dose standardization and reduces the predictability of therapeutic outcomes. Compounding these issues are regulatory constraints and the persistent social stigma surrounding cannabis-derived compounds, which further impede their integration and acceptance in regenerative medicine. Therefore, future research is essential to validate the therapeutic benefits of CBD and to establish its clinical applicability in treating neurological and bone disorders.

Background/Objectives: Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases and is often intensified by psychological stress, which can also affect bone metabolism. Although both conditions independently compromise bone health, their combined im-pact—particularly under acute and chronic stress—remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of such stressors on bone structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Forty male rats, both normotensive and SHR, were randomly as-signed to control, acute stress, or chronic stress groups. Acute stress involves a single 2-hour physical restraint. Chronic stress was induced over 10 days using alternating stressors: agitation, forced swimming, physical restraint, cold exposure, and water dep-rivation. Tibial bones were analyzed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), and histology was performed using Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson’s Trichrome stains. Results: Micro-CT showed an increased trabecular bone volume in normotensive rats under chronic stress, whereas SHR displayed impaired remodeling under both stress types. Histological analysis revealed preserved connective tissue overall but evident changes in growth plate structure among stressed rats. SHR exhibited exacerbated tra-becular formation and cartilage abnormalities, including necrotic zones. Conclusions: Both acute and chronic stress, especially in the context of hypertension, negatively affect bone remodeling and maturation. Despite the absence of overt inflammation, structural bone changes were evident, indicating potential long-term risks. These findings high-light the importance of further studies on stress-hypertension interactions in bone health and the exploration of therapeutic approaches to mitigate skeletal damage under such conditions.